Meech Lake Documents

SECTION SPECIALE SUR L’ACCORD DU LAC MEECH DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH* Le but de la publication des < Documents du Lac Meech >> dans ce num6ro de la Revue est de contribuer a une meilleure comprihension de l’histoire constitutionnelle ricente du Canada et du debat amorcd sur notre avenir constitutionnel. La Revue souhaite que ce recueil fournisse un outil de travail utile e ceux qui s’intiressent au cheminement des debats sur l’Accord. Son utilitj, nous l’espdrons, difcoulera de sa brave introduction qui trace les grandes lignes de l’histoire constitutionnelle du Canada entre avril 1987 etjuin 1990, de la reproduction des documents pertinents & l’pisode Meech, et de la compilation d’une bibliographie complate sur l’Accord. * La Revue souhaite remercier le professeur A.L.C. de Mestral de la Facult6 de droit de l’Universit6 McGill, qui fut le premier nous proposer l’idte d’un recueil de documents portant sur l’Accord. Nous tenons 6galement i remercier le professeur R. Janda de la Facult6 de droit de l’Universit6 McGill, qui nous a offert ses suggestions lors de ]a redaction du bref historique sur l’Accord. De plus, la Revue aimerait souligner ‘apport inestimable de M. Roland Pads du Bureau des relations ftdr-ales provinciales a Ottawa qui nous a fourni divers documents et des suggestions bibliographiques. La BibliothUque du Parlement a 6galement contribu6 a ]a com SPECIAL SECTION ON THE MEECH LAKE ACCORD MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS* By publishing “Meech Lake Documents, ” the Journal seeks to contribute to a better understanding of both Canada’s recent constitutional history and the current debate on its constitutional future. It is the Journal’s hope that persons interested in exploring the rise and fall of the Meech Lake Accord will consider this section a useful and convenient research tool. Its usefulness and convenience flow from the inclusion of a short introduction which traces the broad outlines of Canada’s constitutional history between April 1987 and June 1990, the reproduction of the most relevant documents from the Meech Lake episode, and the compilation of an exhaustive bibliography on the Accord. * The Journal would like to thank Prof. A.L.C. de Mestral, Faculty of Law, McGill University, for making the initial suggestion that the Journal publish documents pertaining to the Accord. We also thank Prof. R. Janda, Faculty of Law, McGill University, for his constructive editorial suggestions to the introductory essay which follows this text. In addition, the Journal acknowledges the invaluable assistance of Mr. Roland Paris, Federal Provincial Relations Office, Ottawa, who gratefully provided various documents for this section and made bibliographic suggestions. The Library of Parliament was also instrumental in the compilation of the bibliography appearing at the end of this section. © McGill Law Journal 1992 Revue de droit de McGill To be cited as: (1992) 37 McGill L.J. 144 Mode de citation: (1992) 37 R.D. McGill 144 McGILL LAW JOURNAL Sommaire Un bref historique de l’Accord du Lac Meech Communiqui du Lac Meech du 30 avril 1987 Accord Constitutionnel de 1987 Entente Constitutionnelle de 1990 Bibliographie Un bref historique de 1’Accord du Lac Meech L’Accord du Lac Meech’ repr6senta une tentative de mettre fin au m6contentement engendr6 au Qu6bec par l’adoption de la Loi constitutionnelle de 19822. Par cet Accord, le premier ministre Brian Mulroney esp6rait remplir sa promesse de permettre aux Qu6b6cois de r6int6grer la famille constitutionnelle canadienne dans << l’honneur >> et << l’enthousiasme >>3. Les cinq conditions que posait le Qu6bec A cette r6int6gration, conditions qui avaient d’ailleurs constitu6 la plate-forme du premier ministre Robert Bourassa lors de l’61ection provinciale de 1985, incluaient la reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme soci&6t distincte, l’obtention d’un droit de veto h l’6gard de toute r6forme constitutionnelle, la garantie d’un r6le accru en mati~re d’immigration, la participation du Qu6bec h la nomination des juges de la Cour suprame du Canada et la limitation du pouvoir de d6penser du gouvemement f6d6ral4. En aofit 1986, les premiers ministres canadiens s’engageaient t donner priorit6 A la question constitutionnelle afin de permettre au Qu6bec d'<< accepter 1Le texte de l’Accord du Lac Meech [ci-apr~s l’Accord], aussi appel6 l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, est reproduit ci-dessous A ]a p. 162 et s. 2 Constituant l’annexe B de ]a Loi de 1982 sur le Canada (R.-U.), 1982, c. 11 [ci-apr~s Loi constitutionnelle de 1982]. 3 Le premier ministre fit une telle promesse dans son discours h Sept-Iles, Qu6bec, le 6 aofit 1984. Pour une reproduction des extraits du discours, voir Bureau du Premier ministre, Federal Statements on the Quebec Constitutional Issue, Ottawa, Bureau du Premier ministre, 1987, Annexe 1. 4G. R6millard, « Rebuilding the Relationship: Quebec and Its Confederation Partners > (sdminaire tenu an Mont Gabriel, Qu6bec, du 9 au 11 mai 1986) dans A.F. Bayefsky, 6d., Canada’s Constitution Act, 1982 & Amendments: A Documentary History, t. 2, Toronto, McGraw Hill, 1989 h la p. 945. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Synopsis A Brief History of the Meech Lake Accord Meech Lake Communiqug of April 30, 1987 1987 Constitutional Accord 1990 Constitutional Agreement Bibliography A Brief History of the Meech Lake Accord The Meech Lake Accord’ was an attempt to address Quebec’s dissatisfaction with the Constitution Act, 1982.2 In brokering the Accord, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney believed that he was fulfilling his promise of bringing Quebec back into the Canadian constitutional family with “honour” and “enthusiasm.”3 Quebec’s five demands for constitutional reform, which had been part of Premier Robert Bourassa’s 1985 election platform, included: recognition of Quebec as a distinct society; a veto over further constitutional reform; entrenchment of Quebec’s power over immigration; participation in the selection of Supreme Court judges; and limits on the federal government’s spending power.4 In August 1986, Canada’s First Ministers agreed to give top priority to bringing about “Quebec’s full and active participation in the Canadian federation, 5 using Quebec’s five demands as a basis for discussion. ‘The Meech Lake Accord [hereinafter Accord], also known as the 1987 Constitutional Accord, is reprinted below at 162ff. 2 Being Schedule B of the Canada Act, 1982, (U.K.), 1982, c. 11 [hereinafter Constitution Act, 1982]. 3 The promise that Quebec would join the Canadian constitutional family with honour and enthusiasm was contained in the Prime Minister’s speech of 6 August 1984 in Sept-Iles, Quebec. For reproduction of extracts from the speech, see Office of the Prime Minister, Federal Statements on the Quebec Constitutional Issue, Ottawa: Prime Minister’s Office, 1987, Annex 1. 4 G. R~millard, “Rebuilding the Relationship: Quebec and Its Confederation Partners” (seminar held at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, 9-11 May 1986) in A.F. Bayefsky, ed., Canada’s Constitution Act, 1982 & Amendments: A Documentary History, vol. 2 (Toronto: McGraw Hill, 1989) at 945. 5 The Edmonton Declaration, 12 August 1986, in Bayefsky, ed., ibid. at 948. 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL de participer pleinement, et h part enti~re, h la f6d6ration canadienne >>5, et convenaient d~s lors de se servir de ces conditions comme base des n6gociations ult6rieures. Les premiers ministres canadiens conclurent ‘Accord du Lac Meech le 30 avril 19876. Le libell6 d6finitif des textes fut arr&6 quelques semaines plus tard alors que le premier ministre Mulroney et ses homologues provinciaux se r6unissaient de nouveau h Ottawa7 . Le Qu6bec ratifia ‘Accord d~s le 23 juin 1987, marquant ainsi le point de d6part de la p6riode de trois ans durant laquelle toutes les 16gislatures devaient faire de m~me. Le 27 aofit, ‘ex-premier ministre Pierre Trudeau pr6senta ses objections hi ‘Accord devant un comit6 mixte sp6cial du S6nat et de la Chambre des communes 9 . A 1’6poque, les chefs autochtones et certains regroupements de d6fense des droits des femmes exprim~rent 6galement leur rejet de l’Accord. En d6pit de ces objections, le comit6 en recommanda la ratification I “. Les opposants de l’Accord n’6taient ainsi pas encore parvenus h rallier l’opinion canadienne h leur cause. D~s juillet 1988, toutes les provinces, A l’exception du Manitoba et du Nouveau-Brunswick, avaient ratifi6 l’Accord. En 1988, seule la ratification par le Manitoba semblait poser certaines difficult6s. Le gouvernement n6o-d6mocrate de Howard Pawley, signataire de l’Accord, avait 6t remplac6 en mai 1988 par un gouvemment conservateur men6 par Gary Filmon. Quoi qu’il en soit, le 16 d6cembre suivant, en d6pit de la position minoritaire de son gouvemement et de doutes personnels hi propos de l’Accord, le premier ministre Filmon introduisit en chambre une r6solution en faveur de sa ratification et y accorda son soutien”. Le lendemain, la Cour SLa diclaration d’Edmonton, 12 aofit 1986, reproduite dans Bayefsky, dd., ibid. a ]a p. 948. 6Comnmuniqui du Lac Meech du 30 avril 1987, reproduit ci-dessous h Ia p. 156 et s. 7 Supra, note 1. 8L’article 39(2) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 pr6voit que les amendements ralis6s par le biais de ]a proc6dure g6n6rale (art. 38(1)) ne pourront entrer en vigueur plus de trois ans apr~s I’adoption de la r6solution l’origine de Ia proc6dure de modification. II n’y a pas de limite expresse dans le cas des amendements requ6rant l’unanimit6 (art. 41), mais le gouvemement fdral maintenait que l’article 39(2) s’appliquait a l’Accord. 9 Trudeau attaquait principalement la tendance d6centralisatrice de l’Accord. Voir Comit6 sp6cial pour examiner le projet de r6solution d’accompagnement h I’Accord du Lac Meech, Procsverbaux et timoignages de l’entente constitutionnelle de 1987, no 14, Ottawa, Imprimeur de la Reine, 1987 a ]a p. 14.116 et s. (Co-prdsidents : M. Cogger et C. Speyer). l 0Comit6 sp6cial pour examiner le projet de r6solution d’accompagnement at ‘Accord du Lac Meech, L’entente constitutionnelle : rapport du comitg mixte du Sinat et de la Chanibre des coinmunes, Ottawa, Imprimeur de Ia Reine, 1987 (Co-pr6sidents: M. Cogger et C. Speyer). “Manitoba, Assemblde 1dgislative, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 37, no 99 a la p. 4175 et s. (16 d6cembre 1988). Les partis Lib6ral et N6o-d6mocrate 6taient tous deux oppos6s t l’Accord. Le premier ministre Filmon craignait que Ia clause de Ia soci6t6 distincte ne conf re un statut particulier au Qu6bec ou qu’elle puisse mettre en p6ril certains droits consacr~s par la C/arte canadienne des droits et libertis, Partie I de ]a Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, supra, note 2 [ci-ap DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH An agreement in principle was reached by Canada’s First Ministers on the substance of Quebec’s demands at Meech Lake, Quebec on April 30, 1987.6 A few weeks later, Prime Minister Mulroney and the provincial Premiers met in Ottawa to finalize the details and wording of the agreement.7 Quebec quickly ratified the Accord on June 23, triggering the three-year deadline for unanimous consent to constitutional amendments.’ On August 27, 1987, former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau stated his objections to the Accord before a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons.9 Aboriginal leaders and various women’s organizations also expressed their opposition to the Accord. Despite such objections, the Committee recommended acceptance of the Accord.”0 At this time, the Accord’s opponents had failed to capture much public support. By the end of July 1988, all provinces except Manitoba and New Brunswick had ratified the Accord. In 1988, Manitoba appeared to be the Accord’s Achilles’ heel. Howard Pawley’s New Democratic government, a signatory to the Accord, was replaced in May 1988 by Gary Filmon’s minority Conservative government. In spite of his government’s minority position and his personal doubts about the Accord, Premier Filmon introduced a resolution favouring ratification in the Manitoba legislature on December 16, 1988.” A day later, the Supreme Court of Canada declared unconstitutional key sections of Quebec’s Bill 101 (Charter of the French Language)” which prohibited the use of English on public signs and posters, and in commercial advertising. 3 6The Meech Lake Communiqu of 30 April 1987, reprinted below at 156ff. 7 Supra, note 1. 8S. 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982 stipulates that amendments by the general procedure (s. 38(1)) shall not be proclaimed three years after the resolution initiating the amending procedure. There is no express time limit for amendments by unanimous consent (s. 41), but s. 39(2) was interpreted by the federal government to apply to the amendments proposed in the Accord. 9 Trudeau principally attacked the decentralizing features of the Accord. See Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, no. 14 (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1987) 14.116ff (Co-chairs: M. Cogger & C. Speyer). ‘ 0 Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, The 1987 Constitutional Accord: The Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1987) (Co-chairs: M. Cogger & C. Speyer). “Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 37, no. 99 at 4175ff. (16 December 1988). Both the Manitoba Liberals and New Democrats were against the Accord. Premier Filmon feared that the distinct society clause might confer special status on Quebec or impair rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, supra, note 2 [hereinafter Charter]. ‘ 2 Notably R.S.Q. 1977, c. C-11, ss. 58 & 69 modified by An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language, S.Q. 1983, c. 56, art. 12. 1 3 Ford v. A.G. Quebec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 712, 54 D.L.R. (4th) 577; Devine v. A.G. Quebec, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 790, 55 D.L.R. (4th) 641. 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL supreme d6clara inop6rantes des dispositions importantes de la loi 101 (la Charte de la langue fran~aise2 ), qui prohibaient l’usage au Qu6bec de toute autre langue que le frangais dans l’affichage commercial 3. Robert Bourassa r6agit h la d6cision de la Cour supreme en adoptant la loi 178 qui interdisait l’affichage public et commercial <« l’ext6rieur ou destin6s au public qui s’y trouve 14 dans une langue autre que le frangais. De plus, la loi 178 6tablissait que les langues autres que le fran9ais pouvaient 8tre utilis6es A l’int6rieur des 6tablissements dans l’affichage public et la publicit6 commerciale << pourvu qu’ils soient destin6s uniquement au public qui s’y trouve et que le frangais figure de fagon nettement pr6dominante >>”. C’est par le biais de la << clause nonobstant >>16 que le premier ministre Bourassa put 6carter la d6cision de la Cour. Le premier ministre Filmon invoqua ce recours A la clause d6rogatoire pour justifier sa d6cision de retirer la r6solution en faveur de la ratification de l’Accord de la l6gislature manitobaine 17. Il d6clara que le Manitoba ne le ratifierait pas A moins d’obtenir des garanties du Qu6bec h l’effet que l’entente ne serait pas utilis6e pour porter atteinte aux droits des minorit~s. Avec le temps, le soutien h l’Accord commenga h s’effriter. En avril 1989 Clyde Wells, un opposant d6clar6 de l’Accord, fut 6lu au poste de premier ministre de la province de Terre-Neuve. En octobre 1989, M. Wells envoya une lettre au premier ministre Mulroney canadien exprimant son opposition A l’Accord”5 . En premier lieu, M. Wells attaqua le processus par lequel on avait abouti h l’Accord, un processus qu’il jugeait peu d6mocratique. Selon lui, la rigidit6 de la formule d’amendement propos6e dans l’Accord entraverait de futures ‘ 2 Notamment L.R.Q. 1977, c. C-11, art. 58 et 69 mod. par Loi modifiant la Charte de la langue franqaise, L.Q. 1983, c. 56, art. 12. 1 3 Ford c. PG. Quibec, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 712,54 D.L.R. (4th) 577 ; Devine c. PG. Quibec, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 790, 55 D.L.R. (4th) 641. 1 4 Loi modifiant la Charte de la languefrangaise, L.Q. 1988, c. 54, art. 1, mod. Charte de la languefran§aise, L.R.Q. 1977, c. C-11, art. 58, mod. par Loi modifiant la Charte de la languefranraise, L.Q. 1983, c. 56, art. 12. 151bid. ‘ 6 Art 33 de la Charte. 1 7 Dans l’Assembl~e 16gislative, le premier ministre Filmon fit la d6claration suivante: I believe the decision made yesterday by the Government of Quebec to restrict minority language rights in that province violates the spirit of the Meech Lake Accord. In these circumstances, I have concluded that the debate on the resolution now before us and the public hearings [on the Accord] would not serve a useful purpose and may invite a very negative anti-Quebec backlash. Accordingly, I have advised the Prime Minister that my caucus and I cannot proceed with the debate and discussion of the accord, and in consultation with the leaders of both Opposition Parties, I will seek to have the resolution withdrawn from our Legislature. Manitoba, Assembl~e 16gislative, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 37, no 1 (19 d~cembre 1988). IsPour une reproduction de certains extraits de la lettre de M. Wells, voir S. Delacourt, << Must Alter Meech, Wells States Firmly in Missive to P.M. >>, The [Toronto] Globe and Mail (21 octobre 1989) Cahier A aux pp. 1-2. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Premier Bourassa’s response to the Supreme Court decision was Bill 178, which prohibits commercial advertising “outside or intended for the public outside””4 to be in a language other than French. Bill 178 permits, however, languages other than French to appear on public signs and posters and commercial advertising “provided they are intended only for the public inside the establishments and that French is markedly predominant.”‘” Premier Bourassa also used the “notwithstanding clause” 6 to override the Supreme Court’s finding that languages other than French could not be excluded from appearing on commercial signs. On December 19, Premier Filmon withdrew the resolution favouring ratification from the Manitoba legislature. He justified his decision by invoking Quebec’s use of the notwithstanding clause and insisted that unless Quebec gave assurances that it would not use the Accord to suppress minority rights, Manitoba would not ratify it.’ With the passage of time, support for the Accord also unravelled in other provinces. In April 1989, Clyde Wells, a known opponent of the Accord, was elected Premier of Newfoundland. In October 1989, in a ten-page letter to the Prime Minister, 8 Premier Wells outlined his objections to the Accord. He believed that the process which had produced the Accord was fundamentally undemocratic. In addition, in his view, the amending formula proposed in the Accord was excessively rigid, making future constitutional change extremely difficult. He was equally convinced that the distinct society clause would undermine certain Charter rights and create a special legislative status for Quebec. Finally, the Accord’s provisions on the federal spending power, immigration and appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada were an unwise weakening of the power of the federal government. Early in 1990, British Columbia Premier Bill Vander Zalm criticized the Accord and proposed that all provinces be given distinct society status. On March 21, 1990, New Brunswick Premier Frank 1 4 An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language, S.Q. 1988, c. 54, art. 1, am. Charter of the French Language, R.S.Q. 1977, c. C-11, art. 58, mod. by An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language, S.Q. 1983, c. 56, art. 12. 5 1lbid. 1 6 S. 33 of the Charter. 171n the Legislative Assembly, Premier Filmon stated that: I believe the decision made yesterday by the Government of Quebec to restrict minority language rights in that province violates the spirit of the Meech Lake Accord. In these circumstances, I have concluded that the debate on the resolution now before us and the public hearings [on the Accord] would not serve a useful purpose and may invite a very negative anti-Quebec backlash. Accordingly, I have advised the Prime Minister that my caucus and I cannot proceed with the debate and discussion of the accord, and in consultation with the leaders of both Opposition Parties, I will seek to have the resolution withdrawn from our Legislature. Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 37, no. 1 (19 December 1988). ‘ 8 Extracts of Premier Wells’ letter can be found in S. Delacourt, “Must Alter Meech, Wells States Firmly in Missive to P.M.”, The [Toronto] Globe and Mail (21 October 1989) A1-A2. 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL r6formes constitutionnelles. M. Wells soutenait 6galement que la clause de soci6t6 distincte pourrait porter atteinte A certains droits prot6g~s par la Charte et, de surcrolt, confdrer un statut 16gislatif particulier au Quebec. En dernier lieu, il trouvait que les dispositions de l’Accord portant sur le pouvoir de d6penser, l’immigration, et la nomination des juges h la Cour supreme affaibliraient dangereusement le pouvoir du gouvernement f6d6ral. Au d6but de 1990, le premier ministre de la Colombie-Britannique Bill Vander Zalm critiqua aussi l’Accord, sugg6rant d’accorder h toutes les provinces un statut de soci6t6 distincte. Le 21 mars suivant, le premier ministre du Nouveau-Brunswick Frank McKenna indiqua que l’appui de sa province A l’Accord dtait conditionnel h l’obtention d’un << degr6 d’appui n6cessaire >> h sa proposition de joindre une r6solution d’accompagnement A l’Accord initial. Cette entente viserait A assurer une protection accrue aux minorit6s linguistiques, h impliquer les territoires dans le processus de nomination des juges h la Cour supreme et enfin, h traiter les revendications autochtones de fagon prioritaire 9. La proposition du premier ministre McKenna n’6tait pas satisfaisante h prime abord aux gouvernements du Manitoba et de Terre-Neuve et ne fut pas bien reque au Qu6bec. Le premier ministre Mulroney ddcida n6anmoins de constituer un comit6 de la Chambre des Communes, pr6sid6 par Jean Charest, dont le mandat serait d’6tudier la possibilit6 d’une resolution d’accompagnement sur la base de la proposition du Nouveau-Brunswick20 . Le 5 avril, dans la semaine pr6c6dant le debut des audiences du comit6 Charest, l’Assembl6e nationale du Quebec adopta A l’unanimit6 une rsolution rejetant tout compromis qui pourrait mener h la dilution de l’Accord2 “. Le lendemain, la 16gislature terreneuvienne rescinda sa ratification. Le rapport Charest, rendu public le 17 mai 1990, reprenait plusieurs des 616ments de la proposition du NouveauBrunswick. On y recommandait entre autres la ratification de l’Accord, la participation des deux territoires au processus de s6lection des s6nateurs et des juges de la Cour supreme, l’adoption d’une clause qui aurait reconnu au Parlement et au gouvernement f~d6ral le r6le de promouvoir la dualit6 linguistique du Canada et finalement, l’adoption d’une r6solution d’accompagnement qui aurait clarifi6 que la clause de soci6t6 distincte ne diminuerait en rien la port6e de la Charte et n’aurait pas pour effet de conf~rer au Qu6bec des pouvoirs 16gislatifs22 . 1 9 Voir Nouveau-Brunswick, Comit6 sp6cial de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, Rapport d~finitifsur la modification constitutionnelle de 1987, Frdd6ricton, N.-B., Le Comit6, 1989 pour les d6tails du projet de r6solution d’accompagnement. Voir 6galement Nouveau Brunswick, Assemble legislative, vol. 1 a ]a p. 238 (21 mars 1990). 20 Comit6 sp6ecial pour examiner le projet de resolution d’accompagnement h l’Accord du Lac Meech, Rapport, Ottawa, Imprimeur de la Reine, 1990 t ]a p. 1 (PrEsident: J. Charest) [ci-apr~s Rapport Charest]. 2 1 Qu~bec, Assembl~e nationale, Journal des dibats, vol. 31, no 27 aux pp. 1639-40 (5 avril 1990). 22 Rapport Charest, supra, note 20. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH McKenna indicated that his province’s support for the Accord was conditional upon the “necessary degree of support” for a “companion accord” on subsequent amendments which, among other things, would strengthen protection of linguistic minorities, give the territories a role in appointing Supreme Court judges and senators, make it unnecessary for all provinces to agree on the establishment of new provinces, and commit the First Ministers to inviting aboriginal representatives and the territorial governments to annual constitutional conferences on matters that directly affected aboriginal peoples. 9 Premier McKenna’s proposal for a companion accord did not fully satisfy the demands of Manitoba or Newfoundland and was not well-received in Quebec. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister decided to establish a Special Committee of the House of Commons, headed by Jean Charest, whose mandate was to study the idea of a companion resolution on the New Brunswick model.2 ‘ On April 5, one week before the Charest Committee commenced its deliberations, the Quebec National Assembly passed a resolution rejecting any attempt to dilute the Accord.” The following day, the Newfoundland legislature resci McGILL LAW JOURNAL Le rapport Charest fut rejet6 par le Qu6bec et incita quelques d~put6s f6d6- raux, dont le ministre de l’environnement Lucien Bouchard, t quitter le parti Progressiste Conservateur. k l’approche de l’6ch6ancier du 23 juin, le premier ministre Mulroney convoqua ses homologues provinciaux Ottawa le 3 juin 1990 dans un ultime effort en vue de sauver l’Accord. Le 9 juin, apr~s six jours de discussions intenses, les premiers ministres annonc~rent qu’ils 6taient parvenus A une entente. Parmi les nombreux 616ments que comprenait l’Entente constitutionnelle de 1990, on trouvait un engagement des premiers ministres du Manitoba, du Nouveau-Brunswick et de Terre-Neuve de soumettre l’Accord A leurs 16gislatures respectives en vue de le ratifier avant le 23 juin’. L’Entente 6tablit certains principes qui guideraient la r6forme du S6nat, incluait une section portant sur de << Futures modifications constitutionnelles >> et 6tablissait l’ordre du jour de futures discussions constitutionnelles24. Enfin, une opinion juridique 6mise par des experts constitutionnels, sugg6rant que la clause de la soci6t6 distincte ne portait pas atteinte aux droits contenus h la Charte, fut 6galement annex6e A l’entente . Le Nouveau-Brunswick ratifia l’Accord le 15 juin. Au Manitoba cependant, le seul d6put6 autochtone de la 16gislature, Elijah Harper, se fit le porteparole des peuples autochtones qui voyaient dans l’Accord un autre exemple de leur << exclusion historique >> et utilisa des tactiques proc6durales afin de bloquer le d6bat d’adoption s . Malgr6 les demandes en ce sens formul6es par les premiers ministres Mulroney et Bourassa, le premier ministre Filmon ne chercha pas A amender les r~gles de procedure afin d’adopter l’Accord dans les d6lais. Quand il devint clair que le Manitoba ne pourrait se prononcer sur l’Accord, le premier ministre Wells, qui avait refus6 d’endosser l’Accord et l’Entente per- sonnellement, ajourna le d6bat dans la l6gislature terreneuvienne. Ainsi, faute d’avoir obtenu les soutiens n6cessaires, l’Accord du Lac Meech, qui semblait pourtant promis la ratification en 1987, expira au soir du 23 juin 1990. 23Voir le texte de l’Entente constitutionnelle de 1990, reproduite ci-dessous A la p. 180 et s. 24Ibid. 25lbid. 2Manitoba, Assemble l6gislative, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 38, no 151-153 (20-22 juin 1990). [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS public consideration and to use every possible effort to achieve decision by June 23 1990.”‘ The Agreement also covered issues pertaining to Senate reform, contained a section entitled “Further Constitutional Amendments” and items which would appear on the agenda for future constitutional negotiations.24 A legal opinion by constitutional experts which expressed the view that the distinct society clause would not attenuate Charter rights was attached to the Agreement?2 New Brunswick passed the Accord on June 15, but in the Manitoba legislature the sole native member, Elijah Harper, presenting the Accord as another example of the “historical exclusion of aboriginal peoples” in Canada, used procedural tactics to block debate.26 Premier Filmon’s government rejected suggestions from the Prime Minister and Premier Bourassa to change the rules of the Manitoba legislature and scuttle public hearings in order to pass the Accord. When it became clear that Manitoba would not vote on the Accord, Premier Wells, who had refused to personally endorse the Accord and the 1990 Constitutional Agreement, adjourned the debate in the Newfoundland legislature. The Meech Lake Accord, which in 1987 seemed certain to be ratified, died on June 23, 1990. 23See text of the 1990 Constitutional Agreement below at 180ff. 24 Ibid. 21lbid. 2Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings, vol. 38, no. 151-153 (20-22 June 1990). 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Communiqug du Lac Meech du 30 avril 1987 R6unis aujourd’hui en confdrence au Lac Meech, le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres des dix provinces canadiennes sont convenus de donner instruction h des 16gistes de traduire en un texte constitutionnel l’entente de principe qui se trouve dans le document ci-joint. Es sont 6galement convenus de tenir d’ici quelques semaines une conf6- rence constitutionnelle pour sanctionner un texte formel visant A permettre au Qu6bec de reprendre sa place, A part enti~re, dans ‘6volution constitutionnelle canadienne. Caractre Distinct du Quibec (1) L’interpr6tation de la Constitution du Canada doit concorder avec a) la reconnaissance que l’existence d’un Canada francophone, concentr6 mais non limit6 au Qu6bec, et celle d’un Canada anglophone, concentr6 dans le reste du pays mais pr6sent au Qu6bec, constituent une caract6ristique fondamentale de la f~dration canadienne; b) la reconnaissance que le Qu6bec forme au sein du Canada une soci6t6 distincte. (2) Le Parlement et les 16gislatures des provinces, dans l’exercice de leurs comp6tences respectives, prennent l’engagement de prot6ger la caract6ristique fondamentale du Canada mentionn~e au paragraphe (1)a). (3) L’Assemblde nationale et le gouvernement du Qu6bec ont le r6le de prot6- ger et de promouvoir le caract~re distinct de la soci6t6 qu6b6coise mentionn6 au paragraphe (1)b). Immigration – Pr6voir dans la Constitution qu’ la requete d’une province, le gouvernement du Canada n6gociera, en mati~re d’immigration, une entente qui r~ponde aux besoins et aux circonstances particuli~res de cette province et pourra, sur demande, la constitutionnaliser une fois conclue ; – 6tablir l’obligation de reconnaltre dans ces ententes le pouvoir du gouvernement f~d6ral de fixer des normes et des objectifs nationaux en mati~re d’immigration, en particulier son droit de d6finir les cat6gories g6n6rales d’immigrants, d’6tablir les niveaux globaux d’immigration et de d6signer comme inadmissibles certaines cat6gories de personnes ; [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Meech Lake Communiqu6 of April 30, 1987 At their meeting today at Meech Lake, the Prime Minister and the ten Premiers agreed to ask officials to transform into a constitutional text the agreement in principle found in the attached document. First Ministers also agreed to hold a constitutional conference within weeks to approve a formal text intended to allow Quebec to resume its place as a full participant in Canada’s constitutional development. Quebec’s Distinct Society (1) The Constitution of Canada shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with a) the recognition that the existence of French-speaking Canada, centred in but not limited to Quebec, and English-speaking Canada, concentrated outside Quebec but also present in Quebec, constitutes a fundamental characteristic of Canada; and b) the recognition that Quebec constitutes within Canada a distinct society. (2) Parliament and the provincial legislatures, in the exercise of their respective powers, are committed to preserving the fundamental characteristic of Canada referred to in paragraph (1)(a). (3) The role of the legislature and Government of Quebec to preserve and promote the distinct identity of Quebec referred to in paragraph (1)(b) is affirmed. Immigration – Provide under the Constitution that the Government of Canada shall negotiate an immigration agreement appropriate to the needs and circumstances of a province that so requests and that, once concluded, the agreement may be entrenched at the request of the province; – such agreements must recognize the federal government’s power to set national standards and objectives relating to immigration, such as the ability to determine general categories of immigrants, to establish overall levels of immigration and prescribe categories of inadmissible persons; 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL – pr6ciser qu’en vertu des dispositions qui pr6c~dent, le gouvernement f6d6ral conclura en premier lieu avec le Qu6bec une entente qui : ” incorporera les principes de l’entente Cullen-Couture en ce qui concerne la s6lection A l’6tranger et au pays des immigrants ind6pendants, des visiteurs admis pour soins m6dicaux, des 6tudiants et des travailleurs temporaires, et la s6lection des r6fugi6s A l’6tranger ainsi que les crit res 6conomiques r6gissant la r6unification des families et les parents aid6s : ” garantira au Qu6bec, A l’int6rieur du total annuel 6tabli par le gouvernement f6d6ral pour l’ensemble du Canada, un nombre d’immigrants, incluant les r6fugi6s, proportionnel A sa part de la population canadienne, avec droit de d6passer ce chiffre de 5 pour cent pour des raisons d6mographiques ; et * engagera le Canada h se retirer de tout service (A l’exception des services relatifs la citoyennet6) en mati~re de r6ception et d’int6gration (y compris l’int6gration linguistique et culturelle) des ressortissants 6trangers, lorsque des services sont fournis par le Qu6bec, pareil retrait devant s’accompagner d’une juste compensation; – rien dans la pr6sente ne saurait empecher la n6gociation d’ententes semblables avec d’autres provinces. Cour Supreme du Canada – Constitutionnaliser la Cour supreme ainsi que l’obligation de nommer au moins trois de ses neuf juges A m~me le Barreau civil; – stipuler qu’advenant une vacance h la Cour supreme, le gouvernement f6d6ral nommera, A m~me une liste de noms propos6s par les provinces, une personne dont la candidature lui agr6e. Pouvoir de Dipenser – Stipuler que le Canada doit accorder une juste compensation A toute province qui ne participe pas A un nouveau programme national A frais partag6s dans un domaine de competence provinciale exclusive si cette province met en oeuvre de son propre chef une initiative ou un programme compatible avec les objectifs nationaux. Formule de Modification – Maintenir la formule g6n6rale du modification constitutionnelle pr6vue actuellement l’article 38, qui exige le consentement du Parlement et celui des assembl6es l6gislatives d’au moins deux tiers des provinces repr6sentant au moins cinquante pour cent de la population; [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS – under the foregoing provisions, conclude in the first instance an agreement with Quebec that would: * incorporate the principles of the Cullen-Couture agreement on the selection abroad and in Canada of independent immigrants, visitors for medical treatment, students and temporary workers, and on the selection of refugees abroad and economic criteria for family reunification and assisted relatives; • guarantee that Quebec will receive a number of immigrants, including refugees, within the annual total established by the federal government for all of Canada proportionate to its share of the population of Canada, with the right to exceed that figure by 5% for demographic reasons; and ” provide an undertaking by Canada to withdraw services (except citizenship services) for the reception and integration (including linguistic and cultural) of all foreign nationals wishing to settle in Quebec where services are to be provided by Quebec, with such withdrawal to be accompanied by reasonable compensation; – nothing in the foregoing should be construed as preventing the negotiation of similar agreements with other provinces. Supreme Court of Canada – Entrench the Supreme Court and the requirement that at least three of the nine justices appointed be from the civil bar; – provide that, where there is a vacancy on the Supreme Court, the federal government shall appoint a person from a list of candidates proposed by the provinces and who is acceptable to the federal government. Spending Power – Stipulate that Canada must provide reasonable compensation to any province that does not participate in a future national shared-cost program in an area of exclusive provincial jurisdiction if that province undertakes its own initiative on programs compatible with national objectives. Amending Formula – Maintain the current general amending formula set out in section 38, which requires the consent of Parliament and at least two-thirds of the provinces representing at least fifty percent of the population; 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL – accorder une compensation raisonnable dans tous les cas oil une province se dissocie d’une modification portant transfert d’une competence provinciale au Parlement; – 6tant donn6 l’impossibilit6 de se dissocier d’une modification touchant les questions 6num&6es h l’article 42 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, exiger A cet 6gard le consentement du Parlement et de toutes les provinces. Deuxikme Ronde – Rendre obligatoire la tenue au moins chaque ann6e d’une Confdrence des premiers ministres sur la Constitution, la premiere devant avoir lieu dans les 12 mois suivant la proclamation de la pr6sente modification constitutionnelle, au plus tard d’ici la fin de 1988 ; – inscrire dans la Constitution les points suivants h l’ordre du jour; 1) la r6forme du S6nat, notamment: – les fonctions et le r6le du S6nat; – les pouvoirs du S6nat; – le mode de s6lection des s6nateurs; – la r6partition des sieges au S6nat; 2) les r6les et les responsabilit6s en mati~re de peche ; et 3) toute autre question dont on aura convenu ; – consacrer dans la Constitution la Conf6rence annuelle des premiers ministres sur l’6conomie pr6vue actuellement par le Protocole d’entente de f6vrier 1985 ; – tant que la Constitution n’aura pas td modifi6e en ce qui concerne le S6nat, le gouvernement f6dral nommera, h m~me une liste de noms propos6s par la province ofi une vacance se produit, une personne dont la candidature lui agr6e. (Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH – guarantee reasonable compensation in all cases where a province opts out of an amendment transferring provincial jurisdiction to Parliament; – because opting out of constitutional amendments to matters set out in section 42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 is not possible, require the consent of Parliament and all the provinces for such amendments. Second Round – Require that a First Ministers’ Conference on the Constitution be held not less than once per year and that the first be held within twelve months of proclamation of this amendment but not later than the end of 1988; – entrench in the Constitution the following items on the agenda: 1) Senate reform including: – the functions and role of the Senate; – the powers of the Senate; – the method of selection of Senators; – the distribution of Senate seats; 2) fisheries roles and responsibilities; and 3) other agreed upon matters; – entrench in the Constitution the annual First Ministers’ Conference on the Economy now held under the terms of the February 1985 Memorandum of Agreement; – until constitutional amendments regarding the Senate are accomplished the federal government shall appoint persons from lists of candidates provided by provinces where vacancies occur and who are acceptable to the federal government. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Accord Constitutionnel de 1987 Les premiers ministres du Canada et des provinces, consid6rant: qu’I leur r6union d’Ottawa, ils ont conclu A l’unanimit6 un accord sur des modifications constitutionnelles propres A assurer la participation peine et enti~re du Qu6bec h l’6volution constitutionnelle du Canada dans le respect du principe de l’6galit6 de toutes les provinces et, par de nouveaux arrangements, h renforcer l’harnonie et la coop6ration entre le gouvernement du Canada et ceux des provinces, ainsi que sur la tenue de confdrences annuelles des premiers ministres sur l’6conomie canadienne et sur toute autre question appropri6e et de conf6rences constitutionnelles annuelles des premiers ministres, la premiere devant avoir lieu le 31 d6cembre 1988 au plus tard; qu’ils ont pris, A l’unanimit6 6galement, des engagements compl6mentaires h propos de certaines de ces modifications, prennent, en leur propre nom et en celui des gouvernements qu’il repr6sentent, les engagement suivants : 1. Les premiers ministres du Canada et des provinces d6poseront ou feront d6poser respectivement devant le S6nat et la Chambre des communes et devant les assembles 16gislatives, dans les meilleurs d6lais, la rsolution dont le texte figure en annexe et autorisant la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation du gouverneur g6n6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada. 2. Dans les meilleurs d6lais, le gouvernement du Canada conclura avec celui du Qu6bec une entente qui: (a) incorporera les principes de l’entente Cullen-Couture en ce qui conceme la s6lection A l’dtranger et au Canada des immigrants ind6pendants, des visiteurs admis pour soins m6dicaux, des 6tudiants et des travailleurs temporaires, et la s6lection des r6fugi6s A l’6tranger ainsi que les critres 6conomiques r6gissant la r6unification des families et les parents aides ; (b) garantira au Qu6bec, sur le total annuel 6tabli par le gouvernement f6d6- ral pour 1’ensemble du Canada, un nombre d’immigrants, y compris les r6fugi6s, proportionnel A sa part de la population canadienne, avec droit de d6passer ce chiffre de cinq pour cent pour des raisons d6mographiques ; (c) engagera le Canada h retirer les services – A l’exception de ceux qui sont relatifs A la citoyennet6 – de rdception et d’int6gration, y compris l’int6gration linguistique et culturelle, des ressortissants 6trangers d6sireux de s’6tablir an Qu6bec lorsque des services sont fournis par le Qu6bec, pareil retrait devant s’accompagner d’une juste compensation. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS 1987 Constitutional Accord WHEREAS first ministers, assembled in Ottawa, have arrived at a unanimous accord on constitutional amendments that would bring about the full and active participation of Quebec in Canada’s constitutional evolution, would recognize the principle of equality of all the provinces, would provide new arrangements to foster greater harmony and cooperation between the Government of Canada and the governments of the provinces and would require that annual first ministers’ conferences on the state of the Canadian economy and such other matters as may be appropriate be convened and that annual constitutional conferences composed of first ministers be convened commencing not later than December 31, 1988. AND WHEREAS first ministers have also reached unanimous agreement on certain additional commitments in relation to some of those amendments; NOW THEREFORE the Prime Minister of Canada and the first ministers of the provinces commit themselves and the governments they represent to the following: 1. The Prime Minister of Canada will lay or cause to be laid before the Senate and House of Commons, and the first ministers of the provinces will lay or cause to be laid before their legislative assemblies, as soon as possible, a resolution, in the form appended hereto, to authorize a proclamation to be issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada to amend the Constitution of Canada. 2. The Government of Canada will, as soon as possible, conclude an agreement with the Government of Quebec that would (a) incorporate the principles of the Cullen-Couture agreement on the selection abroad and in Canada of independent immigrants, visitors for medical treatment, students, and temporary workers, and on the selection of refugees abroad and economic criteria for family reunification and assisted relatives. (b) guarantee that Quebec will receive a number of immigrants, including refugees, within the annual total established by the federal government for all of Canada proportionate to its share of the population of Canada, with the right to exceed that figure by five per cent for demographic reasons, and (c) provide an undertaking by Canada to withdraw services (except citizenship services) for the reception and integration (including linguistic and cultural) of all foreign nationals wishing to settle in Quebec where services are to be provided by Quebec, with such withdrawal to be accompanied by reasonable compensation. 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Le gouvernement du Canada et celui du Qu6bec prendront ensuite les mesures n6cessaires pour donner, conform6ment au projet de modification, force de loi ht l’entente. 3. Le pr6sent accord ne saurait emp~cher la n6gociation d’ententes semblables avec d’autres provinces en mati~re d’immigration et d’admission temporaire des ressortissants 6trangers. 4. Jusqu’t l’entr6e en vigueur de la modification relative aux nominations au S6nat, les personnes nomm6es aux si~ges vacants au S6nat seront choisies parmi celles qui auront 6t6 propos6es par le gouvernement de la province repr6senter et agr66es par le Conseil priv6 de la Reine pour le Canada. Motion de R~solution Autorisant la Modification de la Constitution du Canada Attendu : que la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 est entree en vigueur le 17 avril 1982, a la suite d’un accord conclu entre le Canada et toutes les provinces, sauf le Qu6bec ; que, selon le gouvernement du Qu6bec, l’adoption de modifications visant a donner effet a ses cinq propositions de r6vision constitutionnelle permettrait au Qu6bec de jouer pleinement de nouveau son r6le dans les instances constitutionnelles canadiennes ; que le projet de modification figurant en annexe pr6sente les modalit6s d’un r~glement relatif aux cinq propositions du Qu6bec ; que le projet reconnait le principe de l’6galit6 de toutes les provinces et pr6voit, d’une part, de nouveaux arrangements propres a renforcer l’harmonie et la coop6ration entre le gouvernement du Canada et ceux des provinces, d’autre part la tenue de conf6rences consacr6es h l’6tude d’importantes questions constitutionnelles, 6conomiques et autres ; • que le projet porte en partie sur des questions vis6es a l’article 41 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 ; que cet article pr6voit que la Constitution du Canada peut 8tre modifi6e par proclamation du gouverneur g6n6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada, autoris~e par des r6solutions du S6nat, de la Chambre des communes et de l’assembl~e l6gislative de chaque province, (le Sdnat) (la Chambre des communes) (‘assembl6e l6gislative) a r6solu d’autoriser la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation de Son Excellence le gouvemeur g6ndral sous le grand sceau du Canada, en conformit6 avec l’annexe ci-jointe. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH and the Government of Canada and the Government of Quebec will take the necessary steps to give the agreement the force of law under the proposed amendment relating to such agreements. 3. Nothing in this Accord should be construed as preventing the negotiation of similar agreements with other provinces relating to immigration and the temporary admission of aliens. 4. Until the proposed amendment relating to appointments to the Senate comes into force, any person summoned to fill a vacancy in the Senate shall be chosen from among persons whose names have been submitted by the government of the province to which the vacancy relates and must be acceptable to the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. Motion for a Resolution to Authorize an Amendment to the Constitution of Canada WHEREAS the Constitution Act, 1982 came into force on April 17, 1982, following an agreement between Canada and all the provinces except Quebec; AND WHEREAS the Government of Quebec has established a set of five proposals for constitutional change and has stated that amendments to give effect to those proposals would enable Quebec to resume a full role in the constitutional councils of Canada; AND WHEREAS the amendment proposed in the schedule hereto sets out the basis on which Quebec’s five constitutional proposals may be met; AND WHEREAS the amendment proposed in the schedule hereto also recognizes the principle of the equality of all the provinces, provides new arrangements to foster greater harmony and cooperation between the Government of Canada and the governments of the provinces and requires that conferences be convened to consider important constitutional, economic and other issues; AND WHEREAS certain portions of the amendment proposed in the schedule hereto relate to matters referred to in section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982; AND WHEREAS section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982 provides that an amendment to the Constitution of Canada may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada where so authorized by resolutions of the Senate and the House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province. NOW THEREFORE the (Senate) (House of Commons) (legislative assembly) resolves that an amendment to the Constitution of Canada be authorized to be made by proclamation issued by Her Excellency the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada in accordance with the schedule hereto. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Annexe Modification Constitutionnelle de 1987 Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 1. La Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 est modifi~e par insertion, apr~s ‘article 1, de ce qui suit: 2. (1) Toute interprdtation de la Constitution du Canada doit concorder avec : a) la reconnaissance de ce que l’existence de Canadiens d’expression frangaise, concentr~s au Qu6bec mais presents aussi dans le reste du pays, et de Canadiens d’expression anglaise, concentr6s dans le reste du pays mais aussi presents au Quebec, constitue une caract6ristique fondamentale du Canada; b) la reconnaissance de ce que le Qu6bec forme au sein du Canada une soci6t6 distincte. (2) Le Parlement du Canada et les ldgislatures des provinces ont le role de prot6ger la caract6ristique fondamentale du Canada vis6e A l’alin6a (1)(a). (3) La l6gislature et le gouvemement du Qu6bec ont le r6le de prot6ger et de promouvoir le caract~re distinct du Qu6bec vis6 l’alin6a (1)(b). (4) Le pr6sent article n’a pas pour effet de d6roger aux pouvoirs, droits ou privileges du Parlement ou du gouvemement du Canada, ou des 16gislatures ou des gouvemements des provinces, y compris A leurs pouvoirs, droits ou privileges en mati~re de langue. 2. La meme loi est modifi6e par insertion, apr~s l’article 24, de ce qui suit: 25. (1) En cas de vacance au S6nat, le gouvemement de la province h repr6- senter peut proposer au Conseil priv6 de la Reine pour le Canada des personnes susceptibles d’etre nomm6es au si~ge vacant. (2) Jusqu’A la modification, faite conform6ment A l’article 41 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, de toute disposition de la Constitution du Canada relative au S6nat, les personnes nomm6es aux si~ges vacants au S~nat sont choisies parmi celles qui ont 6 propos6es par le gouvernement de la province repr6senter et agr66es par le Conseil priv6 de la Reine pour le Canada. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Schedule Constitution Amendment, 1987 Constitution Act, 1867 1. The Constitution Act, 1867 is amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 1 thereof, the following section: 2. (1) The Constitution of Canada shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with (a) the recognition that the existence of French-speaking Canadians, centred in Quebec but also present elsewhere in Canada, and Englishspeaking Canadians, concentrated outside Quebec but also present in Quebec, constitutes a fundamental characteristic of Canada; and (b) the recognition that Quebec constitutes within Canada a distinct society. (2) The role of the Parliament of Canada and the provincial legislatures to preserve the fundamental characteristics of Canada referred to in paragraph (1)(a) is affirmed. (3) The role of the legislature and Government of Quebec to preserve and promote the distinct identity of Quebec referred to in paragraph (1)(b) is affirmed. (4) Nothing in this section derogates from the powers, rights or privileges of Parliament or the Government of Canada, or of the legislatures or governments of the provinces, including any powers, rights or privileges relating to language. 2. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 24 thereof, the following section: 25. (1) Where a vacancy occurs in the Senate, the government of the province to which the vacancy relates may, in relation to that vacancy, submit to the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada the names of persons who may be summoned to the Senate. (2) Until an amendment to the Constitution of Canada is made in relation to the Senate pursuant to section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982, the person summoned to fill a vacancy in the Senate shall be chosen from among persons whose names have been submitted under subsection (1) by the government of the province to which the vacancy relates and must be acceptable to the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL 3. La m~me loi est modifi6e par insertion, apr6s l’article 95, de ce qui suit: Accords relatifs a l’immigration et aux aubains 95A. Sur demande du gouvemement d’une province, le gouvernement du Canada nrgocie avec lui en vue de conclure, en mati~re d’immigration ou d’admission temporaire des aubains dans la province, un accord adapt6 aux besoins et A la situation particuli~re de celle-ci. 95B. (1) Tout accord conclu entre le Canada et une province en mati~re d’immigration ou d’admission temporaire des aubains dans la province a, une fois faite la d6claration visre au paragraphe 95C(1), force de loi et a d~s lors effet inddpendamment tant du point 25 de l’article 91 que de l’article 95. (2) L’accord ayant ainsi force de loi n’a d’effet que dans la mesure de sa compatibilit6 avec les dispositions des lois du Parlement du Canada qui fixent des normes et objectifs nationaux relatifs A l’immigration et aux aubains, notamment en ce qui concerne l’6tablissement des cat6- gories gdndrales d’immigrants, les niveaux d’immigration du Canada et la ddtermination des categories de personnes inadmissibles au Canada. (3) La Charte canadienne des droits et libert~s s’applique aux accords ayant ainsi force de loi et A toute mesure prise sous leur rdgime par le Parlement ou le gouvemement du Canada ou par la i6gislature ou le gouvernement d’un province. 95C. (1) La ddclaration portant qu’un accord vis6 au paragraphe 95B(1) a force de loi se fait par proclamation du gouverneur g~nral sous le grand sceau du Canada, autoris~e par des rdsolutions du Sdnat, de la Chambre des communes et de l’assembl~e i6gislative de la province qui est partie A l’accord. (2) La modification d’un accord vis6 au paragraphe 95B(1) se fait par proclamation du gouvemeur gdndral sous le grand sceau du Canada, autorisde : a) soit par des rdsolutions du Sdnat, de la Chambre des communes et de l’assembl~e 16gislative de la province qui est partie h l’accord ; b) soit selon les modalitds prdvues dans l’accord meme. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH 3. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 95 thereof, the following heading and sections: Agreements on Immigration and Aliens 95A. The Government of Canada shall, at the request of the government of any province, negotiate with the government of that province for the purpose of concluding an agreement relating to immigration or the temporary admission of aliens into the province that is appropriate to the needs and circumstances of that province. 95B. (1) Any agreement concluded between Canada and a province in relation to immigration or the temporary admission of aliens into that province has the force of law from the time it is declared to do so in accordance with subsection 95C(l) and shall from that time have effect notwithstanding class 25 of section 91 or section 95. (2) An agreement that has the force of law under subsection (1) shall have effect only so long and so far as it is not repugnant to any provision of an Act of the Parliament of Canada that sets national standards and objectives relating to immigration or aliens, including any provision that establishes general classes of immigrants or relates to levels of immigration for Canada or that prescribes classes of individuals who are inadmissible into Canada. (3) The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies in respect of any agreement that has the force of law under subsection (1) and in respect of anything done by the Parliament or Government of Canada, or the legislature or government of a province, pursuant to any such agreement. 95C. (1) A declaration that an agreement referred to in subsection 95B(l) has the force of law may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where so authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of the province that is a party to the agreement. (2) An amendment to an agreement referred to in subsection 95B(l) may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where so authorized. (a) by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of the province that is a party to the agreement; or (b) in such other manner as is set out in the agreement. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL 95D. Les articles 46 h 48 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 s’appliquent, avec les adaptations n6cessaires, A toute d6claration faite aux termes du paragraphe 95C(1), A toute modification d’un accord faite aux termes du paragraphe 95C(2) ou h toute modification faite aux termes de l’article 95E. 95E. Les articles 95A h 95D ou le pr6sent article peuvent etre modifi6s conform6ment au paragraphe 38(1) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, h condition que la modification soit autorisde par des r6solutions des assembl6es 16gislatives de toutes les provinces qui sont, l’6poque de celle-ci, parties un accord ayant force de loi aux termes du paragraphe 95B(1). 4. La meme loi est modifi6e par insertion, avant l’article 95, de ce qui suit: Dispositions gingrales 5. La meme loi est modifi6e par insertion, avant l’article 101, de ce qui suit: Tribunaux crdds par le Parlement du Canada 6. La meme loi est modifi6e par insertion, apr~s l’article 101, de ce qui suit: Cour supreme du Canada 101A. (1) La cour qui existe sous le nom de Cour supreme du Canada est maintenue titre de cour g6n6rale d’appel pour le Canada et de cour additionnelle propre h am6liorer l’application des lois du Canada. Elle conserve ses attributions de cour sup6rieure d’archives. (2) La Cour supr~me du Canada se compose du juge en chef, appel6 juge en chef du Canada, et de huit autres juges, que nomme le gouvemeur g6n6ral en conseil par lettres patentes sous le grand sceau. 10lB. (1) Les juges sont choisis parmi les personnes qui, apr~s avoir 6t6 admises au barreau d’une province ou d’un territoire, ont, pendant au moins dix ans au total, 6t6 juges de n’importe quel tribunal du pays ou inscrites au barreau de n’importe quelle province ou de n’importe quel territoire. (2) Au moins trois des juges sont choisis parmi les personnes qui, apr~s avoir 6t6 admises au barreau du Qu6bec, ont, pendant au moins dix ans au total, 6t6 inscrites A ce barreau ou juges d’un tribunal du Qu6bec ou d’un tribunal cr66 par le Parlement du Canada. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS 95D. Sections 46 to 48 of the Constitution Act, 1982 apply, with such modifications as the circumstances require, in respect of any declaration made pursuant to subsection 95C(1), any amendment to an agreement made pursuant to subsection 95C(2) or any amendment made pursuant to section 95E. 95E. An amendment to sections 95A to 95D or this section may be made in accordance with the procedure set out in subsection 38(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982, but only if the amendment is authorized by resolutions of the legislative assemblies of all the provinces that are, at the time of the amendment, parties to an agreement that has the force of law under subsection 95B(1). 4. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately preceding section 96 thereof, the following heading: General 5. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately preceding section 101 thereof, the following heading: Courts Established by the Parliament of Canada 6. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 101 thereof, the following heading and sections: Supreme Court of Canada 101A. (1) The court existing under the name of the Supreme Court of Canada is hereby continued as the general court of appeal for Canada, and as an additional court for the better administration of the laws of Canada, and shall continue to be a superior court of record. (2) The Supreme Court of Canada shall consist of a chief justice to be called the Chief Justice of Canada and eight other judges, who shall be appointed by the Governor General in Council by letters patent under the Great Seal. 10lB. (1) Any person may be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada who, after having been admitted to the bar of any province or territory, has, for a total of at least ten years, been a judge of any court in Canada or a member of the bar of any province or territory. (2) At least three judges of the Supreme Court of Canada shall be appointed from among persons who, after having been admitted to the bar of Quebec, have, for a total of at least ten years, been judges of any court of Quebec or of any court established by the Parliament of Canada, or members of the bar of Quebec. 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL 1OIC. (1) En cas de vacance A la Cour supreme du Canada, le gouvernement de chaque province peut proposer au ministre f6d6ral de la Justice, pour la charge devenue vacante, des personnes admises au barreau de cette province et remplissant les conditions vis6es t l’artic DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH 101C. (1) Where a vacancy occurs in the Supreme Court of Canada, the government of each province may, in relation to that vacancy, submit to the Minister of Justice of Canada the names of any of the persons who have been admitted to the bar of that province and are qualified under section 101B for appointment to that court. (2) Where an appointment is made to the Supreme Court of Canada, the Governor in Council shall, except where the Chief Justice is appointed from among members of the Court, appoint a person whose name has been submitted under subsection (1) and who is acceptable to the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. (3) Where an appointment is made in accordance with subsection (2) of any of the three judges necessary to meet the requirement set out in subsection 101B(2), the Governor General in Council shall appoint a person whose name has been submitted by the Government of Quebec. (4) Where an appointment is made in accordance with subsection (2) otherwise than as required under subsection (3), the Governor General in Council shall appoint a person whose name has been submitted by the government of a province other than Quebec. 101D. Sections 99 and 100 apply in respect of the judges of the Supreme Court of Canada. 101E. (1) Sections 101A and 101D shall not be construed as abrogating or derogating from the powers of the Parliament of Canada to make laws under section 101 except to the extent that such laws are inconsistent with those sections. (2) For greater certainty, section 101A shall not be construed as abrogating or derogating from the powers of the Parliament of Canada to make laws relating to the reference of questions of law or fact, or any other matters, to the Supreme Court of Canada. 7. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 106 thereof, the following section: 106A. (1) The Government of Canada shall provide reasonable compensation to the government of a province that chooses not to participate in a national shared-cost program that is established by the Government of Canada after the coming into force of this section in an area of exclusive provincial jurisdiction, if the province carries on a program or initiative that is compatible with the national objectives. (2) Nothing in this section extends the legislative powers of the Parliament of Canada or of the legislatures of the provinces. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL 8. La meme loi est modifi6e par insertion, apr~s l’article 147, de ce qui suit: XII. – Conf6rences sur l’6conomie et sur d’autres questions 148. Le premier ministre du Canada convoque au moins une fois par an une conference r6unissant les premiers ministres provinciaux et lui-meme et portant sur l’6conomie canadienne ainsi que sur toute autre question appropriee. XIII. – Mentions 149. Toute mention de la pr6sente loi est r6put6e constituer 6galement une mention de ses modifications. Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 9. Les articles 40 42 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 sont abrog6s et remplac6s par ce qui suit: 40. Le Canada foumit une juste compensation aux provinces auxquelles ne s’applique pas une modification faite conform6ment au paragraphe 38(1) et relative L un transfert de comp6tences I6gislatives provinciales au Parlement. 41. Toute modification de la Constitution du Canada portant sur les questions suivantes se fait par proclamation du gouverneur g6n6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada, autoris6e par des r6solutions du S6nat, de la Chambre des communes et de l’assembl6e l6gislative de chaque province ; a) la charge de Reine, celle du gouverneur g6n6ral et celle de lieutenant-gouverneur; b) les pouvoirs du S6nat et le mode de s6lection des s6nateurs; c) le nombre des s6nateurs par lesquels une province est habilit6e a atre repr6sent6e et les conditions de r6sidence qu’ils doivent remplir; d) le droit d’une province d’avoir A la Chambre des communes un nombre de d6put6s au moins 6gal h celui des s6nateurs par lesquels elle 6tait habilit6e h 6tre repr6sent6e le 17 avril 1982 ; e) le principe de la repr6sentation proportionnelle des provinces h la Chambre des communes pr6vu par la Constitution du Canada; f) sous r6serve de l’article 43, l’usage du frangais ou de l’anglais; g) la Cour supreme du Canada; [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS 8. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto the following heading and sections: XII – Conferences on the Economy and Other Matters 148. A conference composed of the Prime Minister of Canada and the first ministers of the provinces shall be convened by the Prime Minister of Canada at least once each year to discuss the state of the Canadian economy and such other matters as may be appropriate. XII – References 149. A reference to this Act shall be deemed to include a reference to any amendments thereto. Constitution Act, 1982 9. Sections 40-42 of the Constitution Act, 1982 are repealed and the following substituted therefor: 40. Where an amendment is made under subsection 38(1) that transfers legislative powers from provincial legislatures to Parliament, Canada shall provide reasonable compensation to any province to which the amendment does not apply. 41. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada only where authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the legislative assembly of each province: (a) the office of the Queen, the Governor General and the Lieutenant Governor of a province; (b) the powers of the Senate and the method of selecting Senators; (c) the number of members by which a province is entitled to be represented in the Senate and the residence qualifications of Senators; (d) the right of a province to a number of members in the House of Commons not less than the number of Senators by which the province was entitled to be represented on April 17, 1982; (e) the principle of proportionate representation of the provinces in the House of Commons prescribed by the Constitution of Canada; (f) subject to section 43, the use of the English or the French language; (g) the Supreme Court of Canada; 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL h) le rattachement aux provinces existantes de tout ou partie des territoires ; i) par d6rogation h toute autre loi ou usage, la cr6ation de provinces; j) la modification de la pr6sente partie. 10. L’article 44 de la m~me loi est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: 44. Sous r6serve de ‘article 41, le Parlement a comp6tence exclusive pour modifier les dispositions de la Constitution du Canada relatives au pouvoir ex6cutif f6d6ral, au S6nat ou A la Chambre des communes. 11. Le paragraphe 46(1) de la meme loi est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: 46. (1) L’initiative des proc6dures de modification vis6es aux articles 38, 41 et 43 appartient au S6nat, la Chambre des communes ou i une assembl6e 16gislative. 12. Le paragraphe 47(1) de la m~me loi est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: 47. (1) Dans les cas vis6s A l’article 38, 41 ou 43, il peut etre pass6 outre au d6faut d’autorisation du S6nat si celui-ci n’a pas adopt6 de r6solution dans un d6lai de cent quatre-vingts jours suivant ‘adoption de celle de la Chambre des communes et si cette demi~re, apr~s l’expiration du d6lai, adopte une nouvelle r6solution dans le m~me sens. 13. La partie VI de la m~me loi est abrog~e et remplac6e par ce qui suit: Partie VI Conf6rences Constitutionnelles 50. (1) Le premier ministre du Canada convoque au moins une fois par an une conf6rence constitutionnelle r6unissant les premiers ministres provinciaux et lui-m~me, la premiere devant avoir lieu en 1988. (2) Sont plac6es A l’ordre du jour de ces conf6rences les questions suivantes : a) la r6forme du S6nat, y compris son r6le et ses fonctions, ses pouvoirs, le mode de s6lection des s6nateurs et la repr6sentation au S6nat; b) les r6les et les responsabilit6s en mati~re de peches; c) toutes autres questions dont il est convenu. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH (h) the extension of existing provinces into the territories; (i) notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces; and (j) an amendment to this Part. 10. Section 44 of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: 44. Subject to section 41, Parliament may exclusively make laws amending the Constitution of Canada in relation to the executive government of Canada or the Senate and House of Commons. 11. Subsection 46(1) of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: 46. (1) The procedures for amendment under sections 38, 41 and 43 may be initiated either by the Senate or the House of Commons or by the legislative assembly of a province. 12. Subsection 47(1) of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: 47. (1) An amendment to the Constitution of Canada made by proclamation under section 38, 41 or 43 may be made without a resolution of the Senate authorizing the issue of the proclamation if, within, one hundred and eighty days after the adoption by the House of Commons of a resolution authorizing its issue, the Senate has not adopted such a resolution and if, at any time after the expiration of that period, the House of Commons again adopts the resolution. 13. Part VI of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: PART VI Constitutional Conferences 50. (1) A constitutional conference composed of the Prime Minister of Canada and the first ministers of the provinces shall be convened by the Prime Minister of Canada at least once each year, commencing in 1988. (2) The conferences convened under subsection (1) shall have included on their agenda the following matters: (a) Senate reform, including the role and functions of the Senate, its powers, the method of selecting Senators and representation in the Senate; (b) roles and responsibilities in relation to fisheries; and (c) such other matters as are agreed upon. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL 14. Le paragraphe 52(2) de la meme loi est modifi6 par adjonction de ce qui suit : d) les autres modifications qui lui sont apport6es. 15. L’article 61 de la m~me loi est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: 61. Toute mention de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 ou des Lois constitutionnelles de 1867 a 1982 est r6put6e constituer 6galement une mention de leurs modifications. Dispositions ggncrales 16. L’article 2 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 n’a pas pour effet de porter atteinte aux article 25 ou 27 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertes, h l’article 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 ou au point 24 de l’article 91 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867. Titre 17. Titre de la pr6sente modification: Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. Fait A Ottawa le 3 juin 1987 [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS 14. Subsection 52(2) of the said Act is amended by striking out the word “and” at the end of paragraph (b) thereof, by adding the word “and” at the end of paragraph (c) thereof and by adding thereto the following paragraph: (d) any other amendment to the Constitution of Canada. 15. Section 61 of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: 61. A reference to the Constitution Act, 1982, or a reference to the Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982, shall be deemed to include a reference to any amendments thereto. General 16. Nothing in section 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867 affects section 25 or 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 or class 24 of section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867. Citation 17. This amendment may be cited as the Constitution Amendment, 1987. Signed at Ottawa June 3, 1987 – 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Entente Constitutionnelle de 1990 Attendu que, le 30 avril 1987, le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres des provinces ont conclu une entente de principe sur les moyens d’assurer la participation pleine et entire du Quebec l’6volution constitutionnelle du Canada; Attendu que, le 3 juin 1987, tous les premiers ministres ont sign6 l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987 et se sont engag6s i saisir le plus t6t possible le Parlement et les assembl~es lgislatives provinciales de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. Attendu que la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 a 6t6 autoris6e par le Parlement et les assembl~es l6gislatives du Qu6bec, de la Saskatchewan, de l’Alberta, de l’Ile-du-Prince-tdouard, de la Nouvelle-tcosse, de l’Ontario et de la Colombie-Britannique: 1. Accord du Lac Meech Les premiers ministres du Nouveau-Brunswick, du Manitoba et de Terre-Neuve s’engagent A soumettre la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 l’examen 16gislatif ou public appropri6 et h tout mettre en oeuvre afin qu’une d6cision soit prise avant le 23 juin 1990. 2. Rforme du S6nat Apr~s la proclamation de l’Accord du Lac Meech, le gouvemement f6d6ral et les gouvemements des provinces constitueront une commission oii chaque province sera 6galement repr6sent6e et qui comprendra un nombre appropri6 de repr6sentants territoriaux et f6d6raux. Cette commission tiendra des audiences et fera rapport au Parlement et aux assembl6es l6gislatives des provinces et territoires, avant la Conf6rence des premiers ministres sur le S6nat qui doit se tenir d’ici la fin de 1990, en Colombie-Britannique, concemant des propositions pr6- cises dont la base serait les param~tres suivants: – Le S6nat devrait 8tre 6lu. – Le S6nat devrait garantir une repr6sentation plus 6quitable des provinces moins peupl6es et des territoires. – Le S6nat devrait d6tenir des pouvoirs r6els afin que la prise des d6cisions au niveau national tienne davantage compte des int6r~ts des habitants des pro- vinces moins peupl~es et des territoires, afin d’8tre le reflet de la dualit6 canadienne et afin que le Gouvemement du Canada soit plus en mesure de gou- [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH 1990 Constitutional Agreement WHEREAS on April 30, 1987, the Prime Minister of Canada and the Premiers reached agreement in principle on means to bring about the full and active participation of Quebec in Canada’s constitutional evolution; AND WHEREAS on June 3, 1987, all first ministers signed the 1987 Constitutional Accord and committed themselves to introducing as soon as possible the Constitutional Amendment, 1987 in Parliament and the provincial legislative assemblies. AND WHEREAS the Constitutional Amendment, 1987 has been authorized by Parliament and the legislative assemblies of Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia: 1. The Meech Lake Accord The Premiers of New Brunswick, Manitoba and Newfoundland undertake to submit the Constitution Amendment, 1987 for appropriate legislative or public consideration and to use every possible effort to achieve decision prior to June 23, 1990. 2. Senate Reform After proclamation, the federal government and the provinces will constitute a commission with equal representation for each province and an appropriate number of territorial and federal representatives to conduct hearings and to report to Parliament and the legislative assemblies of the provinces and territories, prior to the First Ministers’ Conference on the Senate to be held by the end of 1990 in British Columbia, on specific proposals for Senate reform that will give effect to the following objectives: – The Senate should be elected. – The Senate should provide for more equitable representation of the less populous provinces and territories. – The Senate should have effective powers to ensure the interests of residents of the less populous provinces and territories figure more prominently in national decision-making, reflect Canadian duality and strengthen the Government of Canada’s capacity to govern on behalf of all citizens, while 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL verner au nom de tous les citoyens, tout en pr6servant le principe de la responsabilit6 du Gouvernement envers la Chambre des communes. Apr~s la proclamation de l’Accord du lac Meech, le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres de toutes les provinces conviennent de mettre tout en oeuvre pour faire adopter une modification conforme A ces param~tres en vue d’une r6forme g6n6rale du S6nat d’ici le ler juillet 1995. Le Premier ministre du Canada s’engage h faire rapport deux fois par an hi la Chambre des communes des progr~s r6alis6s en vue d’une r6forme g6n6rale du S6nat. Le Premier ministre et les premiers ministres de toutes les provinces r6affirment l’engagement pris dans la Ddclaration d’Edmonton et dans les dispositions qui seront consacr~es en vertu de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 et s’engagent ce que la r6forme du S6nat soit la grande priorit6 constitutionnelle jusqu’h ce qu’une r6forme g6n6rale ait pu 8tre r6alis6e. Si, d’ici le ler juillet 1995, une r6forme g6n6rale du S6nat n’a pu atre r6alis~e conform6ment aux param~tres 6nonc6s ci-dessus en vertu de l’article 41 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, dans sa forme modifi6e par la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, le nombre de s6nateurs par lesquels une province est en droit d’6tre repr6sent~e au S6nat sera modifi6 de fagon que, pour un total de cent quatre s6nateurs, la repr6sentation de l’Ontario passe ht dix-huit s6nateurs, que celle de la Nouvelle-tcosse, du Nouveau-Brunswick, de la ColombieBritannique, de l’Alberta, de la Saskatchewan, du Manitoba et de Terre-Neuve passe h huit s6nateurs chacun, et que la reprdsentation des autres provinces et des territoires demeure inchang6e. Dans le cas d’une province dont la repr6sentation diminuerait, aucune autre nomination ne pourra atre faite tant que sa repr6sentation ne sera pas descendue, par attrition, sous son nouveau maximum. Si une telle nouvelle r6partition des si~ges survenait au S~nat, la province de Terre-Neuve serait repr6sentde par un d6put6 suppl6mentaire A la Chambre des communes en vertu de l’article 51A de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867. 3. Futures Modifications Constitutionnelles (1) Charte – Droit A l’6galit6 des sexes – Adjonction de l’article 28 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libert6s hi l’article 16 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. (2) R6Ie des territoires – Dans les nominations au S6nat et la Cour supreme du Canada. – Dans les discussions portant sur des questions A l’ordre du jour d’une conf6- [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS preserving the principle of the responsibility of the Government to the House of Commons. Following proclamation of the Meech Lake Accord, the Prime Minister and all Premiers agree to seek adoption of an amendment on comprehensive Senate reform consistent with these objectives by July 1, 1995. The Prime Minister undertakes to report semi-annually to the House of Commons on progress achieved towards comprehensive Senate reform. The Prime Minister and all Premiers, reaffirming the commitment made in the Edmonton Declaration and the provisions to be entrenched under the Constitution Amendment, 1987, undertook that Senate reform will be the key constitutional priority until comprehensive reform is achieved. If, by July 1, 1995, comprehensive Senate reform has not been achieved according to the objectives set out above under section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982, as amended by the Constitution Amendment, 1987, the number of Senators by which a province is entitled to be represented -in the Senate will be amended so that, of the total of one hundred and four Senators, the representation of Ontario will be eighteen Senators, the representation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Newfoundland will be eight Senators each, and the representation of all other provinces and the territories will remain unchanged. In the case of any province whose representation declined, no new appointments would be made until that province’s representation had by attrition declined below its new maximum. In the event of such a redistribution of Senate seats, Newfoundland would be entitled to another Member of Parliament in the House of Commons under section 51A of the Constitution Act, 1867. 3. Further Constitutional Amendments (1) Charter – Sex Equality Rights – Add section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to section 16 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987. (2) Role of Territories – In appointments to the Senate and the Supreme Court of Canada. – In discussions on items on the agenda of annual constitutional and economic 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL rence annuelle des premiers ministres sur la Constitution et l’6conomie qui, de l’avis du Premier ministre, les touchent directement. (3) Questions linguistiques – Inscription A l’ordre du jour des confdrences sur la Constitution des questions intdressant les minorit~s linguistiques d’expression frangaise et d’expression anglaise. – Obligation d’obtenir le consentement du S~nat, de la Chambre des communes et de 1’assembl6e 16gislative du Nouveau-Brunswick pour modifier la Loi reconnaissant l’galitj des deux communauts linguistiques officielles au Nouveau-Brunswick (Loi 88). (4) Questions constitutionnelles int6ressant les autochtones – Tenue tous les trois ans d’une conf6rence constitutionnelle des premiers ministres, la premiere devant avoir lieu au plus tard un an apr~s la proclamation. Le Premier ministre inviterait des repr6sentants des peuples autochtones et des gouverements des territoires h participer aux discussions portant sur les questions int6ressant les peuples autochtones du Canada. – Les premiers ministres du Canada et des provinces d~poseront ou feront d6poser respectivement devant le S6nat et la Chambre des communes et devant les assemblies l6gislatives la rdsolution dont le texte figure en annexe et chercheront A autoriser la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation du gouverneur g6n6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada le plus t6t possible apr~s la proclamation de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. 4. Ordre du Jour de Futures Discussions Constitutionnelles (1) Cr6ation de nouvelles provinces dans les territoires – Le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres de toutes les provinces ont convenu d’examiner, lors de futures conf6rences constitutionnelles, diff6rentes approches pour l’accession du Yukon et des Territoires du Nord-Ouest au statut de provinces, y compris la possibilit6 que seules des r6solutions de la Chambre des communes et du S6nat soient n6cessaires pour leur reconnaltre ce statut, advenant une demande en ce sens de ces territoires. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH conferences where, in the view of the Prime Minister, matters to be discussed directly affect them. (3) Language Issues – Add to the agenda of constitutional conferences matters that are of interest to English-speaking and French-speaking linguistic minorities. – Require resolutions of the House of Commons, the Senate and the legislative assembly of New Brunswick to amend that province’s Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick (Bill 88). (4) Aboriginal Constitutional Issues – First Ministers constitutional conferences to be held once every three years, the first to be held within one year of proclamation; representatives of aboriginal peoples and the territorial governments to be invited by the Prime Minister to participate in the discussion of matter of interest to the aboriginal peoples of Canada. – The Prime Minister of Canada will lay or cause to be laid before the Senate and House of Commons, and the Premiers will lay or cause to be laid before their legislative assemblies, a resolution, in the form appended hereto, and will seek to authorize a proclamation to be issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada to amend the Constitution of Canada as soon as possible after proclamation of the Constitutional Amendment, 1987. 4. Agenda for Future Constitutional Discussions (1) Creation of New Provinces in the Territories – The Prime Minister and all Premiers agreed future constitutional conferences should address available options for provincehood, including the possibility that, at the request of the Yukon and Northwest Territories to become provinces, only a resolution of the House of Commons and Senate be required. 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL (2) Reconnaissances constitutionnelles – Le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres des provinces ont pris note des efforts d6ploy6s h de nombreuses reprises par les premiers ministres au cours des vingt demi~res anndes en vue de r6diger un 6nonc6 de reconnaissances constitutionnelles, efforts qui se sont toujours av6r6s infructueux. – Le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres des provinces ont examin6 des projets pr~sent6s par le gouvernement f6d6ral et par le Manitoba, la Saskatchewan, I’Ontario et la Colombie-Britannique et ils ont convenu de saisir imm6diatement de tous ces projets un comit6 sp6cial multipartite de la Chambre des communes. Des audiences publiques A la grandeur du pays d6buteraient le 16 juillet 1990 et un rapport concernant le fond et l’emplacement d’une clause compatible avec la Constitution du Canada serait r6dig6 et pr6sent6 aux premiers ministres A leur conf6rence de 1990. (3) Examens constitutionnels – Le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres de toutes les provinces ont convenu d’examiner conjointement, la conf6rence constitutionnelle exig~e par ‘article 49 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, la totalit6 du processus permettant de modifier la Constitution, y compris le d6lai maximal de trois ans pr6vu A l’article 39(2) de ladite loi, et la question de la tenue obligatoire d’audiences publiques avant l’adoption de toute mesure lie h une modification de la Constitution, dont la r6vocation d’une r6solution constitutionnelle. – Conform6ment h 1’article 50 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 propos6 dans la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers ministres des provinces ont 6galement convenu d’examiner en permanence le fonctionnement de la Constitution du Canada, y compris la Charte canadienne des droits et libertds, en vue d’apporter toute modification constitutionnelle qui pourrait s’avdrer utile. 5. Article 2: Modification Constitutionnelle de 1987 – Compte tenu des discussions publiques qui ont entour6 la clause de la soci6t6 distincte depuis son inclusion dans l’Accord du Lac Meech, un certain nombre des constitutionnalistes les plus 6minents au Canada se sont rencontr6s pour 6changer leurs vues sur les r6percussions juridiques de la clause. Le Premier ministre du Canada et les premiers [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS (2) Constitutional Recognitions – The Prime Minister and Premiers took note of repeated attempts by First Ministers over the past twenty years to draft a statement of constitutional recognitions. All such attempts were unsuccessful. – The Prime Minister and Premiers reviewed drafts submitted by the federal government and Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario and British Columbia, and agreed to refer immediately the drafts to an all-party Special Committee of the House of Commons. Public hearings would begin across Canada on July 16, 1990 and a report on the substance and placement of the clause – in a manner consistent with the Constitution of Canada – would be prepared for consideration by First Ministers at their Conference in 1990. (3) Constitutional Reviews – The Prime Minister and all Premiers agreed jointly to review, at the constitutional conference required by section 49 of the Constitution Act, 1982, the entire process of amending the Constitution, including the three-year time limit under section 39(2) of that Act and the question of mandatory public hearings prior to adopting any measure related to a constitutional amendment, including revocation of a constitutional resolution. – Pursuant to section 50 of the Constitution Act, 1982, as proposed in the Constitution Amendment, 1987, the Prime Minister and the Premiers also committed to a continuing review of the operation of the Constitution of Canada, including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, with a view to making any appropriate constitutional amendments. 5. Section 2: Constitutional Amendment, 1987 – The Prime Minister and Premiers took note of public discussion of the distinct society clause since its inclusion in the Meech Lake Accord. A number of Canada’s most distinguished constitutional authorities 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL ministres des provinces ont examin6 leurs recommandations ainsi que d’autres documents. – Le Premier ministre du Canada, en sa qualit6 de pr6sident de la Conf6rence, a requ desdits constitutionnalistes une opinion juridique qui est annex6e au communiqu6 final de la conf6rence. 6. Modification Relative au Nouveau-Brunswick – Adjonction d’une disposition selon laquelle, au Nouveau-Brunswick, les communaut6s francophone et anglophone ont un statut et des droits et privileges 6gaux. – Affirmation du r6le de la 16gislature et du gouvernement du NouveauBrunswick de prot6ger et de promouvoir l’6galit6 des deux communaut6s linguistiques de la province en ce qui touche t leur statut et “t leurs droits et privileges. – Le Premier ministre du Canada et le premier ministre du NouveauBrunswick d~poseront ou feront d6poser respectivement devant le S6nat et la Chambre des communes et devant l’assemble l6gislative du Nouveau-Brunswick la r6solution dont le texte figure en annexe et chercheront A autoriser la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation du gouverneur g6n~ral sous le grand sceau du Canada le plus t6t possible apr~s la proclamation de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. [Vol. 3 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH met to exchange views on the legal impact of the clause. The Prime Minister and Premiers reviewed their advice and other material. – The Prime Minister, in his capacity as chairman of the Conference received from the above-noted constitutional authorities a legal opinion which is appended to the final Conference communique. 6. New Brunswick Amendment – Add a clause that within New Brunswick, the English linguistic community and the French linguistic community have equality of status and equal rights and privileges. – Affirm an additional role of the legislature and government of New Brunswick: to preserve and promote the equality of status and equal rights and privileges of the province’s two official linguistic communities. – The Prime Minister of Canada will lay or cause to be laid before the Senate and House of Commons, and the Premier of New Brunswick will lay or cause to be laid before the legislative assembly of New Brunswick, a resolution, in the form appended hereto, and will seek to authorize a proclamation to be issued by the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada to amend the Constitution of Canada as soon as possible after proclamation of the Constitution Amendment, 1987. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Fait Ottawa le 9 juin 1990 Canada Ontario Nouvelle-tcosse Manitoba* *Sous r6serve du processus d’audiences publiques ile-du-Prince-tdouard Alberta Qu6bec Brunswick Colombie-Britannique Saskatchewan Terre-Neuve* *Le premier ministre de Terre-Neuve endosse maintenant l’engagement figurant dans la Partie I du pr6- sent document et s’engage en outre A endosser la totalit de la pr6sente entente si la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 regoit une approbation 16gislative ou publique A Terre-Neuve suite aux consultations pr6- vues t la Partie I. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Signed at Ottawa June 9, 1990 Canada Ontario Nova Scotia Manitoba* *Subject to the public hearing process Prince Edward Island Quebec New Brunswick British Columbia Saskatchewan Newfoundland* *The Premier of Newfoundland endorses now the undertaking in Part I of this document and further undertakes to endorse fully this agreement if the Constitutional Amendment, 1987 is given legislative or public approval following the consultation provided for in Part I. Alberta 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL OTrAWA le 9 juin 1990 Monsieur le Premier ministre, En rdponse A certaines des preoccupations exprimdes A l’6gard de ‘article premier de l’Accord du lac Meech, nous sommes heureux de confirmer notre opinion sur ce qui suit. A notre avis, toute interpretation de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertds doit concorder avec la disposition relative A la dualit6 et h. la socidt6 distincte de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 proposre (‘Accord du lac Meech), mais l’application de la clause ne constitue pas une n6gation ou une violation des droits et libertrs garantis par la Charte des droits, lesquels ne peuvent 6tre restreints que par une r~gle de droit dans des limites qui sont raisonnables et dont la justification peut se drmontrer dans le cadre d’une soci6t6 libre et d6mocratique, et il peut etre tenu compte de la disposition relative h2 la dualit6 et A la socidt6 distincte, en particulier aux fins de l’application de l’artide premier de la Charte. La Constitution du Canada, y compris les articles 91 et 92 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, sera interpr6t6e d’une mani6re compatible avec la clause relative la dualit6 et h la socirt6 distincte. La clause ne crre aucune nouvelle competence 16gislative au profit du Parlement ou de l’une quelconque des 16gislatures provinciales et ne drroge A aucune de leurs comp6tences l6gislatives, mais il pourra en 8tre tenu compte pour d6terminer si une loi particuli6re s’inscrit dans les comprtences l6gislatives du Parlement ou de l’une des l6gislatures provinciales. Grald-A. Beaudoin, O.C., c.r. B. Jamie Cameron Professeur de droit Professeur associ6 Universit6 d’Ottawa tcole de droit Osgoode Hall Universit6 York E. Robert A. Edwards, c.r. Peter W. Hogg, c.r. Sous-procureur grn~ral adjoint Professeur de droit Gouvemement de la Itcole de droit Osgoode Hall Colombie-Britannique Universit6 York Katherine Swinton Roger Tass6, O.C., c.r. Professeur, Facult6 de droit Avocat Universit6 de Toronto [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH OTTAWA June 9, 1990 Dear Prime Minister: In response to certain concerns which have been expressed in relation to section 1 of the proposed Constitution Amendment, 1987 (Meech Lake Accord), it is our pleasure to confirm our opinion on the following. In our opinion, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms will be interpreted in a manner consistent with the duality/distinct society clause of the proposed Constitution Amendment, 1987 (Meech Lake Accord), but the rights and freedoms guaranteed thereunder are not infringed or denied by the application of the clause and continue to be guaranteed subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society, and the duality/distinct society clause may be considered, in particular, in the application of section 1 of the Charter. The Constitution of Canada, including sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867, will be interpreted in a manner consistent with the duality/ distinct society clause. While nothing in that clause creates new legislative authority for Parliament or any of the provincial legislatures, or derogates from any of their legislative authority, it may be considered in determining whether a particular law fits within the legislative authority of Parliament or any of the legislatures. G6rald-A. Beaudoin, O.C., Q.C. B. Jamie Cameron Professor of Law Associate Professor University of Ottawa Osgoode Hall Law School York University E. Robert A. Edwards, Q.C. Peter W. Hogg, Q.C. Assistant Deputy Attorney Professor General Osgoode Hall Law School Government of British Columbia York University Katherine Swinton Roger Tass6, O.C., Q.C. Professor, Faculty of Law Barrister and Solicitor University of Toronto 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL Motion de r~solution autorisant la modification de la Constitution du Canada (le S6nat) (la Chambre des communes) (l’assembl~e 16gislative) a r6solu d’autoriser la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation de Son Excellence le gouvemeur gdn6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada, en conformit6 avec l’annexe ci-jointe, son entr6e en vigueur ne pouvant toutefois prec6der celle de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987. Annexe Modification Constitutionnelle Partie I Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 1. L’article 25 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, 6dict6 par l’article 2 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, est modifi6 par insertion, apr~s >, de << on du territoire >>. 2. (1) Le paragraphe 101C(1) de la m~me loi, 6dict6 par l’article 6 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, est modifi6 par insertion, apr~s la premitre mention de << province >>, de << ou territoire >>, et, apr~s la seconde, de << ou de ce territoire >>. (2) Le paragraphe 101C(4) de la meme loi, 6dict6 par l’article 6 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, est modifi6 par insertion, apr~s «< Qu6- bec >>, de < ou d’un territoire >>. 3. L’article 148 de la m~me loi, 6dict6 par l’article 8 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, devient le paragraphe 148(1) et est modifi6 par adjonction de ce qui suit: < (2) Le premier ministre du Canada invite des repr6sentants 6lus des gouvernements du territoire du Yukon et des Territoires du Nord-Ouest t participer aux travaux relatifs 4 toute question plac~e h l’ordre du jour des conf6rences vis6es au paragraphe (1) et qui, selon lui, int6resse directement le territoire du Yukon et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest >>. Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 4. L’article 43 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 devient le paragraphe 43(1) et est modifi6 par adjonction de ce qui suit: << (2) Les dispositions de la loi du Nouveau-Brunswick intitul~e Loi reconnaissant l’6galitj des deux communautis linguistiques officielles au Nouveau-Brunswick, chapitre 0-1.1 des Lois du Nouveau-Brunswick, 1981, (Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Motion for a Resolution to authorize an amendment to the Constitution of Canada The (Senate) (House of Commons) (legislative assembly) resolves that an amendment to the Constitution of Canada be authorized to be made by proclamation issued by His Excellency the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada in accordance with the schedule hereto, but only after the Constitution Amendment, 1987 comes into force. Schedule Constitution Amendment Part I Constitution Act, 1867 1. Section 25 of the Constitution Act, 1867, as enacted by section 2 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is amended by adding thereto, immediately after the word “province” wherever it occurs therein, the words “or territory.” 2. (1) Subsection 101C(1) of the said Act, as enacted by section 6 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is amended by adding thereto, immediately after the word “province” wherever it occurs therein, the words “or territory.” (2) Subsection 101C(4) of the said Act, as enacted by section 6 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is amended by adding thereto, immediately after the word “province” where it occurs therein, the words “or territory.” 3. Section 148 of the said Act, as enacted by section 8 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is renumbered as subsection 148(1) and is further amended by adding thereto the following subsection: “(2) The Prime Minister of Canada shall invite elected representatives of the governments of the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories to participate in the discussion on any item on the agenda of a conference convened under subsection (1) that, in the opinion of the Prime Minister, directly affects the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories.” Constitution Act, 1982 4. Section 43 of the Constitution Act, 1982 is renumbered as subsection 43(1) and is further amended by adding thereto the following subsection: “(2) An amendment to the Act of the Legislature of New Brunswick entitled An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick, chapter 0-1.1 of the Acts of New Brunswick, 1981, may be made by proclamation issued by the Governor General under the Great 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL ne peuvent 6tre modifi6es que par proclamation du gouvemeur g6n6ral sous le grand sceau du Canada, autoris6e par des r6solutions du S~nat, de la Chambre des communes et de l’assemblde l6gislative du NouveauBrunswick. >> 5. (1) Le paragraphe 50(2) de la m~me loi, 6dict6 par ‘article 13 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, est modifi6 par insertion, apr~s l’alin6a a), de ce qui suit: << (1) les questions int6ressant les minorit6s francophones et anglophones ; >> (2) L’article 50 de la meme loi, 6dict6 par ‘article 13 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, est modifi6 par adjonction de ce qui suit: < (3) Le premier ministre du Canada invite des repr6sentants 6lus des gouvernements du territoire du Yukon et des Territoires du NordOuest h participer aux travaux relatifs a toute question plac6e h l’ordre du jour des confdrences vis6es au paragraphe (1) et qui, selon lui, intdresse directement le territoire du Yukon et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. >> 6. La m~me loi est modifie par insertion, apr~s l’article 50, 6dict6 par l’article 13 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, de ce qui suit: << 51. (1) Le premier ministre du Canada convoque une conf6rence constitutionnelle r6unissant les premiers ministres provinciaux et luimeme dans l’ann6e qui suit l’entrde en vigueur de la pr6sente partie, et, par la suite, au moins tous les trois ans suivant cette conf6rence. (2) Sont plac6es l’ordre du jour de la conf6rence vis6e au paragraphe (1) les questions intdressant les peuples autochtones du Canada. Le premier ministre du Canada invite leurs repr6sentants A participer aux travaux relatifs A ces questions. (3) Le premier ministre du Canada invite des repr6sentants 6lus des gouvemements du territoire du Yukon et des Territoires du NordOuest A participer aux travaux relatifs A toute question plac6e A rordre du jour des conferences vis6es au paragraphe (1) et qui, selon lui, int6resse directement le territoire du Yukon et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. (4) Le pr6sent article n’a pas pour effet de d6roger h l’article 35. >) Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 7. L’article 16 de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987 est modifi6 par insertion, apr~s « 27 o, de << ou 28 >>. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Seal of Canada only where so authorized by resolutions of the Senate and House of Commons and of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.” 5. (1) Subsection 50(2) of the said Act, as enacted by section 13 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is amended by adding thereto, immediately after paragraph (a) thereof, the following paragraph: “(1) matters of interest to English-speaking and French-speaking linguistic minorities”; (2) Section 50 of the said Act, as enacted by section 13 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, is further amended by adding thereto the following subsection: “(3) The Prime Minister of Canada shall invite elected representatives of the governments of the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories to participate in the discussions on any item on the agenda of a conference convened under subsection (1) that, in the opinion of the Prime Minister, directly affects the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories.” 6. The said Act is further amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 50 thereof, as enacted by section 13 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987, the following section: “51. (1) A constitutional conference composed of the Prime Minister of Canada and the first ministers of the provinces shall be convened by the Prime Minister of Canada within one year after this Part comes into force and at least once every third calendar year after the first such conference is convened. (2) Each conference convened under subsection (1) shall have included in its agenda matters of interest to the aboriginal peoples of Canada, and the Prime Minister of Canada shall invite representatives of those peoples to participate in the discussions on those matters. (3) The Prime Minister of Canada shall invite elected representatives of the governments of the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories to participate in the discussions on any item on the agenda of a conference convened under subsection (1) that, in the opinion of the Prime Minister, directly affects the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories. (4) Nothing in this section shall be construed so as to derogate from section 35.” Constitution Amendment, 1987 7. Section 16 of the Constitution Amendment, 1987 is amended by adding thereto, immediately after the reference to section 27 where it occurs therein, the following: “or 28.” 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Partie II Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 8. Le passage de 1’article 22 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 qui suit le point 4 et pr6c~de le dernier paragraphe est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: « les quatre divisions doivent (subordonn6ment aux r6visions de la prdsente loi) 8tre repr6sentdes dans le S6nat, ainsi qu’il suit: – Ontario par dix-huit sdnateurs; Qu6bec par vingt-quatre s6nateurs ; les Provinces maritimes et l’le-du-Prince-tdouard par vingt s6nateurs, dont huit repr6sentent la Nouvelle-tcosse, huit le Nouveau-Brunswick et quatre l’lle-du-PrinceItdouard ; les provinces de l’Ouest par trente-deux s6nateurs, dont huit repr6- sentent le Manitoba, huit la Colombie-Britannique, huit la Saskatchewan et huit l’Alberta; la province de Terre-Neuve aura droit d’etre repr6sent6e au S6nat par huit s6nateurs ; le territoire du Yukon et les Territoires du NordOuest ont le droit d’6tre reprdsent6s au S6nat par un s6nateur chacun. >> 9. L’article 27 de la mme loi est abrog6 et remplac6 par ce qui suit: < 27. Dans le cas oti le nombre des s6nateurs serait ainsi en aucun temps augment6, le gouverneur g6n6ral ne mandera aucune personne au S6nat, sauf sur pareil ordre de la Reine donn6 la suite de la m~me recommandation, tant que la repr6sentation de chacune des quatre divisions du Canada ne sera pas revenue au nombre fixe vis6 h l’article 22. >> 10. Par d6rogation h l’article 22 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, peut 6tre maintenue la repr6sentation au S6nat de toute province dont le nombre de s6nateurs exc~de, A l’entr6e en vigueur de la pr6sente partie, celui pr6vu h cet article ; toutefois, il ne peut 8tre nomm6 de s6nateurs pour repr6senter cette province tant que le nombre de ceux-ci n’est pas inf6rieur A celui pr6vu h l’article 22 de cette loi et, par la suite, sous r6serve de 1’article 26 de cette loi, le nombre de sdnateurs pour cette province ne peut exc6der cette limite. 11. (1) La pr6sente partie n’entre pas en vigueur si une modification portant sur le S6nat conforme aux param~tres 6nonc6s dans l’Entente constitutionnelle de 1990 sign6e Ottawa le 9 juin 1990, est faite avant le ler juillet 1995. (2) A d6faut d’une modification vis6e au paragraphe (1), la pr6sente partie entre en vigueur le ler juillet 1995. Titre 12. Titre de la pr6sente modification : Modification constitutionnelle de (annde de la proclamation). [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Part II Constitution Act, 1867 8. All that portion of section 22 of the Constitution Act, 1867 following item 4 and preceding the last paragraph thereof is repealed and the following substituted therefor: “which Four Divisions shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be represented in the Senate as follows: Ontario by eighteen Senators; Quebec by twenty-four Senators; the Maritime Provinces and Prince Edward Island by twenty Senators, eight thereof representing Nova Scotia, eight thereof representing New Brunswick, and four thereof representing Prince Edward Island; the Western Provinces by thirty-two Senators, eight thereof representing Manitoba, eight thereof representing British Columbia, eight thereof representing Saskatchewan, and eight thereof representing Alberta; Newfoundland shall be entitled to be represented in the Senate by eight members; the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories shall be entitled to be represented in the Senate by one member each.” 9. Section 27 of the said Act is repealed and the following substituted therefor: “27. In case of such addition being at any time made, the Governor General shall not summon any person to the Senate, except on a further like direction by the Queen on the like recommendation, to represent one of the Four Divisions until such Division is represented by the number of Senators provided for by section 22 and no more.” 10. Notwithstanding section 22 of the Constitution Act, 1867, any province that is represented in the Senate on the coming into force of this Part by more Senators that are provided for under that section may continue to be so represented, but no additional persons may be summoned to the Senate to represent that province until the number of Senators representing that province falls below the number set out in section 22, and thereafter, subject to section 26, the number representing that province shall not exceed that number. 11. (1) This Part shall not come into force if an amendment in relation to the Senate that is consistent with the objectives set out in the 1990 Constitution Agreement signed at Ottawa on June 9, 1990 is made before July 1, 1995. (2) If an amendment described in subsection (1) is not made before July 1, 1995, this Part shall come into force on that date. Citation 12. This amendment may be cited as the Constitution Amendment, (year of proclamation). 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Motion de r~solution autorisant ]a modification de la Constitution du Canada (le S6nat) (la Chambre des communes) (l’assembl6e 16gislative) a rdsolu d’autoriser la modification de la Constitution du Canada par proclamation de Son Excellence le gouvemeur g6ndral sous le grand sceau du Canada, en confonnit6 avec l’annexe ci-jointe. Annexe Modification Constitutionnelle Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 1. La Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 est modifi6e par insertion, apr~s l’article 133, de ce qui suit: < 133.1 (1) Toute interprdtation de la Constitution du Canada h l’6gard du Nouveau-Brunswick doit concorder avec la reconnaissance de ce que, au Nouveau-Brunswick, les communautds francophone et anglophone ont un statut et des droits et privileges 6gaux. (2) La Lgislature et le gouvemement du Nouveau-Brunswick ont le r6le de prot6ger et de promouvoir l’6galit6 des deux communaut6s linguistiques vis~es au paragraphe (1) en ce qui touche A leur statut et h leurs droits et privilfges. (3) Le pr6sent article n’a pas pour effet de d6roger aux pouvoirs, droits ou privileges du Parlement ou du gouvemement du Canada, ou de la L6gislature ou du gouverement du Nouveau-Brunswick, y compris 4 leurs pouvoirs, droits ou privileges en mati~re de langue. > Titre 2. Titre de la pr6sente modification: Modification constitutionnelle de (annde de la proclamation) (Nouveau-Brunswick). [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Motion for a Resolution to authorize an amendment to the Constitution of Canada The (Senate) (House of Commons) (legislative assembly) resolves that an amendment to the Constitution of Canada be authorized to be made by proclamation issued by His Excellency the Governor General under the Great Seal of Canada in accordance with the schedule hereto. Schedule Constitution Amendment Constitution Act, 1867 1. The Constitution Act, 1867 is amended by adding thereto, immediately after section 133 thereof, the following section: “133.1 (1) The Constitution of Canada, as it relates to New Brunswick, shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the recognition that, within New Brunswick, the English linguistic community and the French linguistic community have equality of status and equal rights and privileges. (2) The role of the legislature and Government of New Brunswick to preserve and promote the equality of status and equal rights and privileges of the two linguistic communities referred to in subsection (1) is affirmed. (3) Nothing in this section derogates from the powers, rights or privileges of Parliament or the Government of Canada, or of the legislature or Government of New Brunswick, including any powers, rights or privileges relating to language.” Citation 2. This amendment may be cited as the Constitution Amendment, (Year of proclamation) (New Brunswick). 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Bibliographie/Bibliography Documents gouvernementaux/Government Documents Canada, Chambre des communes, Comit6 special pour examiner le projet de r6solution d’accompagnement l’Accord du Lac Meech, Procs-verbaux et tdmoignages du ComitJ spdcial pour examiner le projet de rdsohtion d’accompagnement a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Ottawa, Imprimeur de la Reine, 1990. Canada, Chambre des communes, Comit6 sp6cial pour examiner le projet de r6solution d’accompagnement h l’Accord du Lac Meech, Rapport du Comitd special pour examiner le projet de r6solution d’accompagnement a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Ottawa, Le Comit6, 1990. Canada, House of Commons, Special Committee to Study the Proposed Companion Resolution to the Meech Lake Accord, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Committee to Study the Proposed Companion Resolution to the Meech Lake Accord (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1990). Canada, House of Commons, Special Committee to Study the Proposed Companion Resolution to the Meech Lake Accord, Report of the Special Committee to Study the Proposed Companion Resolution to the Meech Lake Accord (Ottawa: The Committee, 1990). Manitoba Task Force on Meech Lake, Report on the 1987 ConstitutionalAccord (Winnipeg: The Task Force, 1989). New Brunswick, Legislative Assembly, Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, Transcript of Meeting of Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, September 29 and 30, October 20, 1988 (Fredericton: The Committee, 1988). New Brunswick, Legislative Assembly, Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, Final Report on the Constitution Amendment, 1987 (Fredericton: The Committee, 1989). New Brunswick, Legislative Assembly, Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, Transcript of the Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord, Jan. 25, Jan. 26, Feb. 1, Feb. 2, Feb. 8, Feb. 9, Feb. 15, Feb. 16, 1989 (Fredericton: The Committee, 1989). Nouveau-Brunswick, Assembl6e 16gislative, Comit6 sp6cial de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987. Rapport difinitif sur la modification constitutionnelle de 1987, Fr6d6ricton, Le Comit6, 1989. [Vol. 37 1992] MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS 203 Nouveau-Brunswick, Assemble 16gislative, Comit6 sp6cial de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, Transcription des rdunions du Comit6 sp6cial de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, les 25 et 26jan. et les 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 16fiv. 1989, Fr6d6ricton, Le Comit6, 1989. Nouveau-Brunswick, Assembl6e 16gislative, Comit6 special de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, Transcription des rdunions du Comitj spicial de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987, les 29 et 30 septembre et le 20 octobre 1988, Fr6d6ricton, Le Comit6, 1988. Ontario, Assembl~e legislative, Comit6 sp6cial de la r~forme constitutionnelle, Rapport de la Modification constitutionnelle de 1987, Toronto, Le Comit6, 1988. Ontario, Legislative Assembly, Select Committee on the Constitutional Reform, Report on the Constitution Amendment 1987 (Toronto: The Committee, 1988). Livres/Books Cohen, A., A Deal Undone: The Making and Breaking of the Meech Lake Accord (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1990). Le Devoir, Le Quibec et le Lac Meech, Montr6al, Gu6rin litt6rature, 1987. Fournier, P., Autopsie du Lac Meech: La souverainet6 est-elle inivitable?, Outremont, Qu6., VLB, 1990. Hogg, P.W., Accord constitutionnel du Lac Meech : texte annoti, Toronto, Carswell, 1988. Hogg, P.W., Meech Lake Constitutional Accord Annotated (Toronto: Carswell, 1988). Mathews, G., L’Accord : comment Robert Bourassa fera l’indipendance, Montr6al, Le Jour, 1990. Milne, D., The Canadian Constitution: From Patriation to Meech Lake (Toronto: J. Lorimer, 1989). Monahan, P., Meech Lake: The Inside Story (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991). Morin, C., Lendemains piegds: du rdfdrendum t la nuit des longs couteaux, Montr6al, Bor6al, 1988. Robertson, G., A House Divided: Meech Lake, Senate Reform and the Canadian Union (Halifax: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1989). REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Trudeau, P.E., Lac Meech: Trudeau parle, La Salle, Qu6., Hurtubise HMH, 1989. Trudeau, P.E., With a Bang, Not a Whimper: Pierre Trudeau Speaks Out (Toronto: Stoddart, 1988). Ouvrages collectifs/Collections of Essays Beaudoin, G.A., 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libert~s, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989. Behiels, M.D., ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) Gibbins, R. et aL, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988). Smith, D.E. & Courtney, J.C., eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991). Swinton, K.E. & Rogerson, C.J., eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988). Symonds, H. & Oberlander, H.P., eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988). Th6mis, 6d., L’adh~sion du Quibec l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6- mis, 1988. Thomson, C., ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988). Articles de doctrine/Articles and Essays Alboim, E., “Inside the News Story: Meech Lake as Viewed by An Ottawa Bureau Chief” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 235. Alliance Quebec, “A Minority’s Plea for the Supremacy of the Charter” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 225. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Ar~s, G., “The Accord Abandons Canada’s Battered and Defenceless Minorities” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 219. Artibise, A., “Local Government: Some Introductory Remarks” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 141. Association des juristes d’expression frangaise du Nouveau-Brunswick, < L’accord constitutionnel de 1987 (1989) 38 U.N.B.L.J. 289. Baines, B., “After Meech Lake: The Ms\Representation of Gender in Scholarly Spaces” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 205. Baines, B., “An Alternative Vision of the Meech Lake Accord” (1988) 13 Queen’s L.J. 1. Baines, B., “Gender and the Meech Lake Committee” in C. Thomson, ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988) 43. Baines, B., ‘Women’s Equality Rights and the Meech Lake Accord” (1988) 52 Sask. L. Rev. 265. Bakan, J. & Pinard, D., “Getting to the Bottom of Meech Lake: A Discussion of Some Recent Writings on the 1987 Constitutional Accord” (1989) 21 Ottawa L. Rev. 247. Baker, M., “A View from the Municipal Periphery” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 159. Banting, K.G., “Federalism, Social Reform and the Spending Power” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S81. Banting, K., “Political Meaning & Social Reform” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 163. Barker, P., “Medicare, Meech Lake and the Federal Spending Power” (1990) 5 Can. J.L. 111. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Barrie, D., “Who Spoke for Canada?” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 143. Bastarache, M., < L’accord constitutionnel de 1987 et la protection des minoritrs francophones hors Quebec >> (1989) 34 R.D. McGill 119. Bastarache, M., < La clause relative A la dualit6 linguistique et la reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme soci~t6 distincte >> dans Thdmis, 6d., L’adh6sion du Qu6bec a L’Accord du Lac Meech, Montrdal, Th6mis, 1988, 33. Bastarache, M., < L’impact de l’entente du Lac Meech sur les minorit6s linguistiques provinciales >> (1989) 38 U.N.B.L.J. 217. Beaudoin, G.A., < Les accords Meech-Langevin > (1989) 38 U.N.B.L.J. 227. Beaudoin, G.A., < Les accords Meech-Langevin > dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adh~sion du Quebec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montreal, Thdmis, 1988, 97. Beaudoin, G.A., < Les accords Meech-Langevin et la Charte de 1982 dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libert6s, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989, 567. Beaudoin G.A., “Constitutionalizing Quebec’s Protection at the Supreme Court and in the Senate” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 385. Bercuson, D., ‘Meech Lake: The Peace of the Graveyard” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 17. Bernier, I., “Meech Lake and Constitutional Visions” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 239. Bissonnette, L., “Quebec after Meech: On the Threshold” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 58. Blanche, P., << La portre des comp~tences linguistiques du Qu6bec A la suite de l’accord Meech-Langevin > dans L. Gagn6, 6d., L’Accord Meech-Langevin et les comp~tences linguistiques du Qubec, Qudbec, Conseil de la langue frangaise, 1988, 7. Boadway, R.W. et al., “The Economic Policy Implications of the Meech Lake Accord” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 225. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Breton, R., “The Concepts of “Distinct society” and “Identity” in the Meech Lake Accord” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 3. Brown, M.C., “An Economic Perspective” in R. Gibbins et aL, eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 131. Bruy~re, L., “Aboriginal People and the Meech Lake Accord” (1988) Can. Hum. Rts Y.B. 49. Burgess, M., “Meech Lake: Whirlpool of Uncertainty or Ripples on A Millpond?” (1988) 3:1 Brit. J. of Can. Studies 15. Burnside, J.D., “Implications of Quebec’s “Distinct Society” as Recognized in the Meech Lake Accord” (1988) 13 Queen’s L.J. 29. Bzdera, A., < L’accord du Lac Meech et le nouveau mode de s6lection des juges de la Cour supreme du Canada: une r6forme chim6rique ? > (1989) Can. J.L. 1. Cairns, A.C., “The Charter Interest Groups, Executive Federalism and Constitutional Reform” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 13. Cairns, A.C., “Citizens (Outsiders) and Governments (Insiders) in ConstitutionMaking: The Case of Meech Lake” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S121. Cairns, A.C., “Citizens and their Charter: Democratizing the Process of Constitutional Reform” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 109. Cairns, A.C., “Federalism and the Provinces” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 45. Cairns, A.C., “The Limited Constitutional Vision of Meech Lake” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 247. Cairns, A.C., “Ottawa, the Provinces, and Meech Lake” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 105. Cairns, A.C., “Ritual, Taboo and Bias in Constitutional Controversies in Canada, or Constitutional Talk Canadian Style” (1990) 54 Sask. L. Rev. 121. 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Cairns, A.C., “Roadblocks in the Way of Constitutional Change” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 54. Canadian Association of Law Teachers, “Democratizing Our Legal System: The Case for Judicial Nominating Councils” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 391. Canadian Ethnocultural Council, “A Dream Deferred: Collective Equality for Canada’s Ethnocultural Communities” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 335. Chamberlain, J.E., “Aboriginal Rights and the Meech Lake Accord” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 11. Chevrette, F, < Contr6ler le pouvoir f6d6ral de d6penser: un gain ou un pige?>> dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adhision du Quebec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6mis, 1988, 153. Cook, R., “Alice in Meechland or The Concept of Quebec as ‘A Distinct Society”‘ in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 147. Cook, R., “Alice in Wonderland or Quebec as ‘A Distinct Society”‘ in C. Thomson, ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988) 53. Courchene, T.J., “Forever Amber” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 33. Courchene, T.J., “Meech Lake and Federalism: Accord or Discord?” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 121. Courchene, T.J., “Meech Lake and Socio-Economic Policy” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S63. Coyne, D., “The Meech Lake Accord and the Spending Power Proposals: Fundamentally Flawed” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 245. Craven, G., “Canada and Quebec Playing Constitutional Chicken: The View From an Australian Pedestrian” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 61. Danson, T.S.B., “Nothing But Tears: The 1987 Constitutional Accord” (1988) 13 Queen’s L.J. 110. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Ddcary, R., < L’Accord du Lac Meech et la Cour supreme du Canada >>dans Thdmis, 6d., L’adhdsion du Quebec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montreal, Thdmis, 1988, 89. Dupl6, N., < L’Accord du Lac Meech: les inquidtudes fdministes sont-elles fondres ? >> dans Thdmis, 6d., L’adhdsion du Quibec t l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montreal, Thrmis, 1988, 65. Dupr6, J.S., “Section 106A and Federal-Provincial Fiscal Relations” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 272. Dupr6, J.S., “Section 106A and Federal-Provincial Fiscal Relations” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 203. Eberts, M., “The Constitution, the Charter and the Distinct Society Clause: Why Are Women Being Ignored?” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 302. Elman, B.P. & McLellan, A.A., “Canada after Meech” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 63. Elton, D., “The Enigma of Meech Lake for Senate Reform” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 397. Elton, D., “The Enigma of Meech Lake for Senate Reform” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 23. Erasmus, G., “Native Rights” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 179. Frdrration des femmes du Quebec, “Are Women’s Rights Threatened by the Distinct Society Clause?” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 295. Felske, L., “Fractured Mirror: The Importance of Region and Personalities in English Language Newspaper Coverage of Meech Lake” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 247. Fontaine, Y, < Et les francophones hors-Qu6bec, eux ? > dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libertds, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989, 335. Forsey, E., “No!!” (1989) 38 U.N.B.L.J. 251. 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL Fortin, P., “The Meech Lake Accord and the Federal Spending Power: A Good Maximum Solution” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 213. Foucher, P., << L’Accord du Lac Meech et les francophones hors Quebec > (1988) Can. Hum. Rts Y.B. 3. Friesen, G., “Manitoba and the Meech Lake Accord” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 51. Gertner, E., “Supreme Court of Canada Reform” (1988) 9 Advocates Q. 129. Gibbins, R., “A Sense of Unease: The Meech Lake Accord and ConstitutionMaking in Canada” in R. Gibbins et aL, eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 121. Gibson, D., “Not-so-white, the Ten Dwarfs and the Nine Wise Ones: A Constitutional Fairy-tale” (1989) 18 Man. L.J. 1. Gold, W.F., “Meech Mumbles” in R. Gibbins et aL, eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 147. Grafstein, L., “Look Back in Anger: The 1987 Constitutional Accord Report of the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the Houses of Commons” (1988) 46 U.T. Fac. L. Rev. 226. Greschner, D., “How Not to Drown in Meech Lake: Rules, Principles and Women’s Equality Rights” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 55. Hall, T., “What are We? Chopped Liver? Aboriginal Affairs in the Constitutional Politics of Canada in the 1980s” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 423. Harney, J.P., <> dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adh~sion du Quibec &t l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montreal, Thdmis, 1988, 207. Hawkes, D.C., Aboriginal Peoples and Constitutional Reform: What Have We Learned? (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1989). Hawkins, R.E., “Meech Lake – The Reality of the Time Limit” (1989) 35 McGill L.J. 196. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Hogg, P.W., “Analysis of the New Spending Provision” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 155. Jackel, S., “Women in the Aftermath of Meech Lake” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 43. Johnson, A.W., “The Meech Lake Accord and the Bonds of Nationhood” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 145. Johnson, R. & Blais A., “Meech Lake and Mass Politics: The ‘Distinct Society’ Clause” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S25. Jones, V., “Beavers and Cats: Federal-Local Relations in the United States and Canada” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 88. Kallen, E., “The Meech Lake Accord”: Entrenching a Pecking Order of Minority Rights” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 349. Kallen, E., “The Meech Lake Accord: Entrenching a Pecking Order of Minority Rights” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S107. Kellas, H., “Managing Regional Development: The Case of the Greater Vancouver Regional District” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 154. Kruhlak, O.M., “Constitutional Reform and Immigration” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 201. Laforce, G., “Interpreting the Political Heritage of Andr6 Laurendeau” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 99. Laforest, G., “The Meaning and Centrality of Recognition” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 73. Lajoie, A., ‘The Federal Spending Power and Meech Lake” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 175. 1992] REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Lajoie, A., << L’impact des Accords du Lac Meech sur le pouvoir de d6penser )> dans Thrmis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montreal, Th6mis, 1988, 163. Lamarche, L., “Perspective fdministe d’une certaine socirt6 distincte: les Qu6- b6coises et ‘Accord du Lac Meech” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 21. Lane, W.T., “A Frame of Reference – After Entrenchment: The Consequences for Local Government” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 28. Leberman, W.P., “Charter Influences in Future Constitutional Reform” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 115. Leslie, P.M., “In Defence of the “Spirit of Meech Lake”: Evaluating the Criticisms” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 483. Leslie, P.M., “Submission to the Special Joint Committee on the Senate and the House of Commons on the 1987 Constitutional Accord” in C. Thomson, ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988) 8. Macdonald, R.A., “…Meech Lake to the Contrary Notwithstanding (Part I)” (1991) 29 Osgoode Hall L.J. 253. Macdonald, R.A., “…Meech Lake to the Contrary Notwithstanding (Part II)” (1991) 29 Osgoode Hall L.J. 483. Mackay, A.W., “Linguistic Duality and the Distinct Society in Quebec: Declarations of Sociological Fact or Legal Limits on Constitutional Interpretation?” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 65. Mahoney, K., << L’accord du lac Meech et les cons6quences sur les droits des femmes >> dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libertis, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989, 349. Mahoney, K., “Women’s Rights” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 159. Major, M.-F., < L’Entente du Lac Meech, le partage des pouvoirs en mati~re de pacheries et le droit international >> (1988) 26 Can. Y.B. Int’l L. 215. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Martin, R., “The Charter and the Crisis in Canada” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 121. McConnell, W.H., “The Meech Lake Accord: Laws or Flaws?” (1988) 52 Sask. L. Rev. 115. McConnell, W.H., “The Meech Lake Accord: Laws or Flaws?” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 506. McCormick, P., “Senate Reform: Forward Step or Dead End?” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 33. McCormick, P., “Toward a Provincial Role in Judicial Appointments” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 45. McLellan, A.A., “The Constitutional Politics of Language” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 49. McMurtry, R.R., “Debate on Meech Lake Accord” in F.E. McArdle, ed., Cambridge Lectures 1987 (Montreal: Yvon Blais, 1989) 225. Meekison, J.P., “The Meech Lake Accord: The End of the Beginning – Or the Beginning of the End?” (1990) 1:2 Constitu. Forum 13. Meekison, J.P., “Meech Lake and the Future of Senate Reform” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 113. Meisel, J., “The Constitutional Accord: An Introduction” in C. Thomson, ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston, Ont.: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988) 3. Meisel, J., “Mirror? Searchlight? Interloper?: The Media and Meech” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 147. Mercredi, 0., “Aboriginal Peoples and the Constitution” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 219. Monahan, P.J., “After Meech Lake: An Insider’s View” (1990) 22 Ottawa. L. Rev. 317. Morel, A., < La reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme soci6t6 distincte dans le respect de la Charte > dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adhsion du Quebec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6mis, 1988, 55. 1992] McGILL LAW JOURNAL Morin, J.Y, << Les blocages concert~s de l’Accord constitutionnel de 1987 : la r6forme des institutions et le nouveau mode d’amendement >> dans Thdmis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Thrmis, 1988, 123. Munro, G., “Constitutional Change in Canada: The Meech Lake Accord” (1989) 27 Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 201. Murray, L., “The Constitutional Politics of National Reconciliation” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 13. New Brunswick Aboriginal Peoples Council, “Brief to the Select Committee on the 1987 Constitutional Accord” (1989) 38 U.N.B. L.J. 295. New Brunswick Ad Hoe Committee on the Constitution, “A Brief Opposing the Meech Lake Accord” (1989) 38 U.N.B. L.J. 305. Oberlander, H.P., “Concluding Comments” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 178. Oberlander, H.P., “A Nation of Cities: The Urban Perspective” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 9. Orban, E., “Constitution and Regional Cleavages: a View From Quebec” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 89. O’Reilly, J., << L’accord du Lac Meech et les droits des autochtones >> dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europ,6ennes des droits et liberts, Cowansville, Yvon Blais, 1989, 365. Owram, D., “The Historical Context of Meech Lake” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 23. Palmer, H., “The Flaws of the Meech Lake Accord: An Alberta Perspective” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 37. Parel, A., ‘The Meech Lake Accord and Multiculturalism” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 171. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Penikett, T., “Constitutionalizing Northern Canada’s Colonial Status” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 457. Percy, M., “The Aftermath of Meech Lake: Implications for the Western Canadian Economy” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 35. Petter, A., “Meech Ado About Nothing? Federalism, Democracy and the Spending Power” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 187. Pocklington, T.C., “Some Drawbacks of the Politics of Constitutional Rights” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 42. Proulx, J.P., << Les normes perijuridiques dans l’iddologie qudbdcoise et canadienne en mati~re de langue d’enseignement >> (1988) 19 R.G.D. 209. Raboy, M., “Canadian Broadcasting, Canadian Nationhood: Two Concepts, Two Solitudes and Great Expectations” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 181. Rdmillard, G., < L’Accord constitutionnel de 1987 et la Charte canadienne des droits et libertds >> dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libertis, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989, 325. Rdmillard, G., << L’Accord constitutionnel de 1987 et le rapatriement du Qudbec au sein du f~ddralisme canadien >> dans Thdmis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montrdal, Thdmis, 1988, 189. Rdmillard, G., “Quebec’s Quest for Survival and Equality Via the Meech Lake Accord” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 28. Robertson, G., “The Global Challenge and Canadian Federalism” (1989) 32 Can. Pub. Admin. 124. Robertson, G., “What Future for Canada?” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 227. Roberts, B.A., Beau fixe ou nuage a l’horizon ? L’Accord du Lac Meech jug6 par les groupesfiministes du Quibec et du Canada, Ottawa, Institut canadien de recherches sur les femmes, 1989. Rocan, P.C., “The 1987 Constitutional Accord and Federal-Provincial Relations” in R. Gibbins et aL, eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing, 1988) 137. 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Russell, P.H., “Meech Lake and the Supreme Court” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 97. Russell, P.H., “The Supreme Court Proposals in the Meech Lake Accord” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S93. Sancton, A., “Social Service Delivery at Relevant Government Levels” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 77. Schwartz, B., “Fathoming Meech Lake” (1988) 17 Man. L.J. 1. Schwartz, B., “Refashioning Meech Lake” (1989) 18 Man. L.J. 19. Scott, A., “The Accord and the Urban Economy” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake, from centre to periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 68. Scott, I., “After Meech Lake” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 251. Scott, I., “The Constitution as an Expression of Ideological Pluralism and Accommodation” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 53. Scott, S.A., << Le droit d’une province une compensation raisonnable en cas de non-participation h un programme national h frais partag~s et le d6bat sur le ‘pouvoir f~d~ral de d6penser’>> dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adhision du Qudbec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6mis, 1988, 181. Scott, S.A., “‘Meech Lake’ and Quebec Society: ‘Distinct’ or Distinctive?” dans Th~mis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6mis, 1988, 41. Scott, S.A., “‘Meech Lake’ and Quebec Society: ‘Distinct’ or Distinctive?” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 161. Scott, S.A., “The Supreme Court of Canada and the 1987 Constitutional Accord” dans Th~mis, 6d., L’adhsion du Quebec t l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th~mis, 1988, 131. Simeon, R., “Meech Lake and Shifting Conceptions of Canadian Federalism” (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S7. [Vol. 37 DOCUMENTS DU LAC MEECH Simeon, R., “Meech Lake and Visions of Canada” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 295. Simeon, R., “Political Pragmatism Takes Precedence Over Democratic Process” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 125. Slattery, B., “The Constitutional Priority of the Charter” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 81. Smith, J., “Political Vision and the 1987 Constitutional Accord” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 271. Smith, L., “Could the Meech Lake Accord Affect the Protection of Equality Rights for Women and Minorities in Canada?” (1990) 1:2 Constitu. Forum 12. Smith, L., “The Distinct Society Clause in the Meech Lake Accord: Could it Affect Equality Rights for Women?” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 35. Smith, P.J., “Local-Federal Government Relations: Canadian Perspectives, American Comparisons: A View through a Kaleidoscope” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 127. Smith, R., “Constitutional Reform: Does Economic Efficiency Fit In?” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 38. Swinton, K., “Competing Visions of Constitutionalism: Of Federalism and Rights” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 279. Symonds, H., “The Discussion Session” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 165. Symons, G., “Ideology and Social Change: Meech Lake and National Identity” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 55. 19921 McGILL LAW JOURNAL Taras, D., “How Television Transformed the Meech Lake Negotiations” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 169. Taras, D., “Meech Lake and Television News” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 219. Taras, D., “Television and Public Policy: The. 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Tremblay, G., «< La r6forme des institutions et de la formule d’amendement dans l’Accord du Lac Meech >> dans Thrmis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Thrmis, 1988, 79. Trepanier, M.-A., “Local Government Reorganization in Quebec: Cause and Effect” in H. Symonds & H.P. Oberlander, eds, Meech Lake From Centre to Periphery: The Impact of the 1987 Constitutional Accord on Canadian Settlements: A Speculation (Vancouver: Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia, 1988) 144. Trimble, L., “The Meech Lake Accord and the Future of the Welfare State” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 32. Trudeau, P.E., “Say Goodbye to the Dream of One Canada” in R. Gibbins et al., eds, Meech Lake and Canada: Perspectives from the West (Edmonton: Academic Printing Publishing Inc., 1988) 65. [Vol. 37 MEECH LAKE DOCUMENTS Trudeau, P.E., “Who Speaks for Canada?: Defining and Sustaining a National Vision” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 60. Tupper, A., “Meech Lake and Democratic Politics: Some Observations” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 26. Tupper, A., “Review Article: Thinking and Writing about Meech Lake” (1991) 29 Alta. L. Rev. 310. Turpel, M.E. & Monture, P.A., “Ode to Elijah: Reflections of Two FirstNations Women on the Rekindling of Spirit at the Wake for the Meech Lake Accord” (1990) 15 Queen’s L.J. 345. Vipond, R.C., “Whatever Became of The Compact Theory? Meech Lake and the New Politics of Constitutional Amendment in Canada” (1989) 96 Queen’s Q. 793. Wells, C.K., “The Case for a Constitutional Convention” (1991) 2:2 Constitu. Forum 69. Whyte, J.D., “The 1987 Constitutional Accord and Ethnic Accomodation” in K.E. Swinton & C.J. Rogerson, eds, Competing Constitutional Visions (Toronto: Carswell, 1988) 263. Whyte, J.D., “The Future of Canada’s Constitutional Reform Process” in D.E. Smith & J.C. Courtney, eds, After Meech Lake (Saskatoon: Fifth House, 1991) 237. Whyte, J.D., “More Than Small Change: The Meaning of Meech Lake for the Canadian Polity” (1989) 38 U.N.B. L.J. 279. Whyte, J.D., “Submissions to the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons on the 1987 Constitutional Accord” in C. Thomson, ed., Navigating Meech Lake: The 1987 Constitutional Accord (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen’s University, 1988) 29. Woehrling, J., < L’accord du Lac Meech et l’application de la Charte canadienne des droits et libert6s >> dans G.A. Beaudoin, 6d., Vues canadiennes et europiennes des droits et libertis, Cowansville, Qu6., Yvon Blais, 1989, 377. Woehrling, J., “A Critique of the Distinct Society Clause’s Critics” in M.D. Behiels, ed., The Meech Lake Primer (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1989) 171. Woehrling, J., < Les clauses de l’Accord relatives t la dualit6 linguistique et la reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme ‘soci6t6 distincte’ > dans Th6mis, 6d., L’adhision du Quibec a l’Accord du Lac Meech, Montr6al, Th6mis, 1988, 19921 REVUE DE DROIT DE McGILL Woehrling, J., < La modification constitutionnelle de 1987, la reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme soci6t6 distincte et la dualit6 linguistique du Canada >> (1988) 29 C. de D. 3. Woehrling, J., “La modification constitutionnelle de 1987 et la port6e des comp6tences du Qu6bec en mati~re d’emploi des langues” dans L. Gagn6, 6d., L’Accord Meech-Langevin et les comp~tences linguistiques du Quibec, Qu6bec, Service des communications, Conseil de la langue frangaise, 1988, 47. Woehrling, J., « La reconnaissance du Qu6bec comme soci6t6 distincte et la dualit6 linguistique au Canada : cons6quences juridiques et constitutionnelles >> (1988) 14 Can. Pub. Pol. S43. 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